I Fiance Apicultural

More documents

Recommendations

Info

50 Table 12-Estimated parameters of the double-log transaction cost function for the Sonali Bank, Bangladesh Coefficients Related to Assets Plus Number Dependent Variable Liabilities in Scale of Obserin Real Terms Constant Real Terms R2 Parameter vatlions Transaction costs -. 1.072 0.99 1a 0.926 0.99" (7.13-1) Notes: Figures iin patentheses aic t-valuies. 'Significant at I percent. Statistically not significantlv diflfeitnt flont 1, suggesting that scale ecoontics have beenl fully realfized. with larger scales of ojteratiolis (see the last coltititi in row 3 ill Table 13). Even this unit net niargii is uiderestniated because it is based on a simple average of tile interest spread for loals to tile firnIll sector only. As is the case for lile Sonali latik as a whole, cartnigs frOll loants to agiictulttic sUl)I)orl agencies alltd frotll ioftind-based )rou(lttct linles alrc lhOt conhsidleted. Tle liet tilargiti of any RFI can bxe intl rjtveCd eithtr by iti-provitig (lie intere'sl sptlead or Isy rea[)itig c ottttfttttes of scale ill tranisactioni costs by ettlaigiig the scale"ati scpcl foopetal ions. "lthse filditigs sluggcst that it is f)ossil)lc to iliprove dite tct Itnalgill tf ille Soniali linlk through tile secoid alternalive. Ihis is also c'li."sItsttlt with the finding that ie responise to iitercst alets if ital dttiatli fo loalls is highly elastic an(dl tile suplly of deposits is feeble ilI low-inconlme conitltries, as will be showit in sulbsequent cliapters ot iliesc topic-s. Table 13-Unit and marginal transaction costs and viability of 10 rural branches of the Sonali Bank, Bangladesh Size Groups Variable Average I 2 3 Unit transaction costs" 5.32 6.9.1 .1.80 .I.68 Unit gloss nIargin 1, 5.36 5.36 5.36 5.,6 Unit net InlargiiC 0.0.1 -0.58 0.56 0.68 MNaginal transaction costs 3.89 2.97 3.73 .1.13 Source: Virmani 1984. aConlputed as a percentage of loans outstanding phls deposit balances. bComputed as the difference between the lending rate and the average cost of deposits divided by 2. These data are from Agabin 1988a,, 6. 28. CUn11itgross margin nits tis itnit trallsactiots costs. dDerived frotn tile estimated log-log-iniverse function, tile results of which are reported in Table 14.
Table 14-Estimated parameters of the log-log inverse transaction cost function for branches of the Sonali Bank, Bangladesh Dependent Variable Constant 51 Coefficients Related to loans Outstanding Inverse of Loans Outstanding and Deposit and Deposit Balances Balances k 2 Scale Parameter Number of Observalons Trasacion costs -3.915 1.075' 820. 134 " 0.73 2 0 . 7 3 8 (6.712) (4.269) Notcs: Figures in pan entheses c.eI-%aluc . Sigiificani at I peicent. bStaisticailt,' siguiticaiital less thaii 1. suggesting seale VC0 liiCs alC possible. Regional Rural Banks (RRBs), India 'The RRBs of hldia Ilave to sottic exteit diversified their o)erations in a nrarner siimilar to the Gratccn Batik (Varde arud Siigh 1982). A of sample '10 RRBs dt':,wn fronii differertt stales erc viable ill both 1978 and 1980 (Table 15) in(Ieed, their viabilily, ott average, inlF,roved betwc.. tite two years. In 1978, the RRBs as a whole had tttclh lower, unit fnanticial costs ta i tire coitercial batiks becautse i1wi rai adI access to low-c(ost govetl' itlll il fitatlicilig, bill tiltc ttill tl.alsa(tiotl (sts weost higier l)ecattse RRBs ate intclh yotitger institrttions than (otultetrcial l)ainks, withi high start-ri ) costs. I 1978, tl twit net ttargii of the RRBs was lower thani that oftic ttcrttcial batiks, bit sinilar intfbrntation is not available fot 1980 for cOtiitieicial baiks. .%lote iiiil)
Page 1 and 2:
,AFOOD POLICY EVIEWl Institutional
Page 3 and 4:
FOOD POLICY REVIEW 1 Institutional
Page 5 and 6:
Chapter One Chapter Two Chapter Thr
Page 7 and 8:
15. Unit transaction costs, unit ir
Page 9 and 10:
47. Relative importance of intcecst
Page 11 and 12: Foreword Thiis report introduces a
Page 13 and 14: 1 Summary This study analyzes two a
Page 15 and 16: 3 Six organizational principles for
Page 17 and 18: 2 Introduction Finance and Economic
Page 19 and 20: An obvious problem innate to an act
Page 21 and 22: 9 Selection of Theme and Issues for
Page 23 and 24: I1 TIhe issue of scale economies is
Page 25 and 26: 13 There is also a problem of indiv
Page 27 and 28: 15 Figure I-Share of borrowing of f
Page 29 and 30: 17 Figure 2-Share of'agricultural l
Page 31 and 32: 19 specific or economywile developm
Page 33 and 34: Table 1- Continued 21 Region, Count
Page 35 and 36: Table 2-Continued Government Nation
Page 37 and 38: 25 regional without higher or lower
Page 39 and 40: 27 Caribbean, compared with Asia. T
Page 41 and 42: Table 3 -Continued Proportion of Pe
Page 43 and 44: 31 LICs (including Bangladesh, Indi
Page 45 and 46: 33 Functional Structure of RFIs and
Page 47 and 48: 35 approximated from available lite
Page 49 and 50: Figure 3-Stylized organizational fr
Page 51 and 52: 5 Transaction Costs, Profitability,
Page 53 and 54: 411 or fiom new borrowers. Moreover
Page 55 and 56: 43 Table 6-Unit transaction costs o
Page 57 and 58: 45 tiotis largely by borrowing fi'o
Page 59 and 60: 47 Table 9 -Transaction costs of br
Page 61: 49 'T7heSonali Bank's unit uct marg
Page 65 and 66: 53 PACS) was established ill March
Page 67 and 68: 55 Table 16-Deposit growth rates of
Page 69 and 70: 57 rIIIIal Output (28 p)Celt) and o
Page 71 and 72: 59 Although APS loans were dominant
Page 73 and 74: Table 2 0-Pattern of loans advanced
Page 75 and 76: 63 Table 2 1- Unit profit and unit
Page 77 and 78: 65 resources are mainly channeled t
Page 79 and 80: 67 Table 25-Various costs, gross ma
Page 81 and 82: 69 BAAC also en1joyced sc.;le ,~ol
Page 83 and 84: 71 iuzividual farmers at the distri
Page 85 and 86: 73 Agriculture and Cooperatives 197
Page 87 and 88: 75 like the county and plimaly coop
Page 89 and 90: 77 Table 33-Transaction and financi
Page 91 and 92: 79 Table 3 6 -Structure of assets a
Page 93 and 94: Response of Rural Loan Demand to In
Page 95 and 96: 83 Table 3 9-Estimated multivariate
Page 97 and 98: 85 Table 40-Estimated multivariate
Page 99 and 100: 87 separate deteriminants of demand
Page 101 and 102: Table 4 1-Continued Type of Demand,
Page 103 and 104: Table 4 1-Confinued Type of Demand,
Page 105 and 106: Table 4 2 -Evidence on interest ela
Page 107 and 108: 7 Response of Supply of Rural Depos
Page 109 and 110: 97 Table 44-Estimated multivariate
Page 111 and 112: 99 Table 4 6-Relative importance of
Page 113 and 114:
101 I1e positivc respolse of supply
Page 115 and 116:
Table 48- Continued 103 eBased on t
Page 117 and 118:
Table 4 9 -Pattern of total rural s
Page 119 and 120:
107 is substantial saving even in d
Page 121 and 122:
109 Table 52-Estimated multivariate
Page 123 and 124:
111 nient), and lastly, the inverse
Page 125 and 126:
113 Table 54-Positive and negative
Page 127 and 128:
9 Flow of Funds of the Rural Financ
Page 129 and 130:
117 interest I'evellie and payment.
Page 131 and 132:
Table 5 5 -Continued 119 cin scenar
Page 133 and 134:
10 Conclusions and Implications ase
Page 135 and 136:
123 differential increase in demand
Page 137 and 138:
125 can be attained. Multifunctiona
Page 139 and 140:
127 fully achieved. Had the institu
Page 141 and 142:
129 so doing, improvements in verti
Page 143 and 144:
The standard error of The standard
Page 145 and 146:
Appendix 2 Reasons for Delinquency
Page 147 and 148:
Region/Country 135 Reaso.z Near Eas
Page 149 and 150:
References Abbott, J. C. 1 9 7 3a.
Page 151 and 152:
139 Aku, P. S. 1986. Lending to far
Page 153 and 154:
141 Caibbean Country Department II,
Page 155 and 156:
143 144. Princeton, N.J., U.S.A.: W
Page 157 and 158:
145 1975. Agriculturalcredit in Asi
Page 159 and 160:
__ 147 Gurley, J. G., and E. S. Sha
Page 161 and 162:
149 G. Hunter and A. F. Bottrall, 5
Page 163 and 164:
151 Lee, T. Y., D. H. Kim, and D. W
Page 165 and 166:
153 __ _. 1976. The new economics o
Page 167 and 168:
155 Olu, W. 1985. Formal credit and
Page 169 and 170:
__ 157 Rao, B. P. 1970. The economi
Page 171 and 172:
159 Singh, G., and S. R. Asokan. 19
Page 173 and 174:
-- 161 Verghese, S. K. 1983. tivfit
show all

I Fiance Apicultural

Create successful ePaper yourself

Delete template?

Save as template?