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20 Table 1- Number of rural financial institutionc (RFIs) in developing and developed countries selected for the study, mid-1970s Region, Country, and Income Group Number of RFIs Region, Country, and Income Group Number of RFIs Sub-Saharan Africa I ligh-inconle counirv Low-income countries Burundi 3 japan Near" 1-ast and Mediterranieaii 8 'cntral Aftican Republic 3 Basin Chad Dahomey Ethiopia 2 2 4 Low-income countries Afghaiistan Sudan 3 5 The Gambia .1 Middle-incotie countries Madagascar Malawi Mali Mauritania Niger Rwanda Sierra Leione Tatizania .1 3 3 .1 2 1 . 3 Cyrs Egypt Iran Jodan Morocco Syria Tunisia Turkey . 2 3 3 3 3 3 2 Togo Uganda Upper Volha Zaire Middle-income couintries I 4 2 .t Iligh-incoie Countries Libya Saudi Arabia Latin America and the Caribbean Low-income Commnt ies 2 3 Botswana .I Bolivia 5 Caiieioon Congo C6te dIvoire Gabon Ghana Kenya Lesotho Liberia Matiritius Nigeria Senegal Swaziland Zalbia Asia Low-inicolme coitlitries Bangladesh 3 2 2 I 4 I 3 -t .I 5 2 3 .I 5 Gtyana Ilaii Middle-incomne countries Argentina Barbados Belize Brazil Chile Colombia Costa Rica Cuba Dominica l)oninican Republic Ecuador El Salvador Grenada 3 3 I ,4 5 7 6 4 I 't .1 6 6 3 Burnia China, Peoples' Republic of hidia Indonesia Khmer Republic Nepal Pakistan Sri Laika Middle-incoine countries Korea, Republic of Malaysia Phiilippines Thailanld Taissai 3 3 , 3 3 2 .I .I I 9 6 , 7 Guatenala Ilondillas Jamaica Martinique Mexico Nicaragua Panana Paragitay Peru Surinam Trinidad and Tobago Tnurks and Caicos Uruguay Ventezuela ,t 3 I 3 4 5 3 I 5 3 .4 3 3 6 (Conintued)
Table 1- Continued 21 Region, Country, Number Region, Country, Number and Income Group of RFIs and Income Group of RFIs NotIlk America' France 4 ligh-incone contmi Gerncanyv 2 United States 10 In'cland 3 Western Europe" ialy 8 1ligh-incoine countries Netherlands I iBelgiic 3 U nilect inugdonm 2 Denlnark ,1 Sollces: FA() 1973, 1974a. 197-1., 1975, 1976; h-c. Boije, cild Nelsonc 1980; Ruozi 1970. Notes: The Rl:ls (onsidecd cic ie tle pnihuarily incial intituions ailnd exclude comniiiodity-iased ccaciketiccg isltliliols. 1Thc iuillllllt-s do not ieci to hc lilllibel" of units (or hrancis) of cai Iype vvo RI:I. aor Notich Alil:cc i alnd ci W slel n llii dic' c illiri ,I Ril.s tic-cs I.) cicLiv -1970s. This led to tile cltleigelie of slalt-Sji(llSpot('ct SpeCializcd banks ill tilaty COllitris ill :-\rica, Asia, ilte Neat 'ast idit Mecliltt'tiTiaii Basin, awl laiili .- mcie'ic-a midcl ilie (aribball.. SOItt, ('tltitrieCs, Sll ;IS 11MligiaCllsh, hi(li:l, anidIcle Philip)jpilleS, J)lmisited slae-owlind ir stait-sill)otort(l Colliiercial biks or iialioiliz;iliti ofIli i,×islitig limijor coiieirct-ial )allks (r )oth. The clittilice of' illeW insiiluliolis dil Ilo Ilic;ln disoltiuttationi of ile old iltslilitollis, for Ihcy Werc well citt'liclcl ill the so'io- , Olltlic )olit t(&IltcIral s(for. This is so ill ttlly (hlevelopilig as well as hev oel(),.i i ltis. Thlus hislorical cXl)crivtncv ;tgail shows lthat all forns of olgalizalioln atc(. I tulnd world over (l':le 2). Nlo(ovct, pitiblic ilstittitions ate Iti)icjuilouis ev(It ill latl st;tg"s of' d(veloptlIll, as swel ill ja)ant, the Rcpul)lie of Korea, [aiwaul, antIic inilcd ( Stalcs (Agalhin 19881); Colyer awl jimllez 1971; Egaiisir 19881); Iltida 1988; Joies 1971; Lee, Boije, ad Nelson 1980). Even coo)eratives aUld )rivale colnnercial i)anks do not initially cltelr lit riral capital mttarket without stistaiicd govettilliclit stippoil hii all of the six ia jor legions of"the world. Thcr1 IiFV', h)weVet, SOtt ill)ort ant (Iiffetilices aillOllg RFIs in vaiotis coimttties (Tablce 2). l"irst, Ihe share -of'govelrlleillcoiporiations, ptoiccts, ailid (lepaltncils ll tile lolal ilillibetr of RFIs is higlier in Stli'.Salhaiali Africa, the Neat Last ali Mledilriilcaii Basin, anld Latilt At'cirica ind Ilic (aiibbeail Ihait itt othi regions. This type of insittiltonail airtili lln is less iisefuil ill Ilil long I-till l)eeats, is tI*atisicnt a1d lietice catill)l hilil Ihe specialized ilistitttlioial cl)aicity and tile prfess;iolllisi si critical to lev dl.elo)licill. of RIs. Tite high shates of goveiilneil piogrlls ilijpa , the Rcttblic of Kot;, id Taiwali, Iloweve-, do 1101 contla(lict tlhis staitet )eatise, tilike those itt the afoieltlitiolled regiolns, these govttlitleilt ilislitiltiolis are well ilitcgratedl with ihc oller ti'l)c.; of RFIs. Seolld, allougli tic shates of cooperatives itt Africa mtid Lhatill Aierica are fairly colipa'alIc to those in Olher icgions, it sholti not he-assiillCd that this fln of RFI ill these two legions is well developed. Illese cooperalives are either local or
Page 1 and 2: ,AFOOD POLICY EVIEWl Institutional
Page 3 and 4: FOOD POLICY REVIEW 1 Institutional
Page 5 and 6: Chapter One Chapter Two Chapter Thr
Page 7 and 8: 15. Unit transaction costs, unit ir
Page 9 and 10: 47. Relative importance of intcecst
Page 11 and 12: Foreword Thiis report introduces a
Page 13 and 14: 1 Summary This study analyzes two a
Page 15 and 16: 3 Six organizational principles for
Page 17 and 18: 2 Introduction Finance and Economic
Page 19 and 20: An obvious problem innate to an act
Page 21 and 22: 9 Selection of Theme and Issues for
Page 23 and 24: I1 TIhe issue of scale economies is
Page 25 and 26: 13 There is also a problem of indiv
Page 27 and 28: 15 Figure I-Share of borrowing of f
Page 29 and 30: 17 Figure 2-Share of'agricultural l
Page 31: 19 specific or economywile developm
Page 35 and 36: Table 2-Continued Government Nation
Page 37 and 38: 25 regional without higher or lower
Page 39 and 40: 27 Caribbean, compared with Asia. T
Page 41 and 42: Table 3 -Continued Proportion of Pe
Page 43 and 44: 31 LICs (including Bangladesh, Indi
Page 45 and 46: 33 Functional Structure of RFIs and
Page 47 and 48: 35 approximated from available lite
Page 49 and 50: Figure 3-Stylized organizational fr
Page 51 and 52: 5 Transaction Costs, Profitability,
Page 53 and 54: 411 or fiom new borrowers. Moreover
Page 55 and 56: 43 Table 6-Unit transaction costs o
Page 57 and 58: 45 tiotis largely by borrowing fi'o
Page 59 and 60: 47 Table 9 -Transaction costs of br
Page 61 and 62: 49 'T7heSonali Bank's unit uct marg
Page 63 and 64: Table 14-Estimated parameters of th
Page 65 and 66: 53 PACS) was established ill March
Page 67 and 68: 55 Table 16-Deposit growth rates of
Page 69 and 70: 57 rIIIIal Output (28 p)Celt) and o
Page 71 and 72: 59 Although APS loans were dominant
Page 73 and 74: Table 2 0-Pattern of loans advanced
Page 75 and 76: 63 Table 2 1- Unit profit and unit
Page 77 and 78: 65 resources are mainly channeled t
Page 79 and 80: 67 Table 25-Various costs, gross ma
Page 81 and 82: 69 BAAC also en1joyced sc.;le ,~ol
Page 83 and 84:
71 iuzividual farmers at the distri
Page 85 and 86:
73 Agriculture and Cooperatives 197
Page 87 and 88:
75 like the county and plimaly coop
Page 89 and 90:
77 Table 33-Transaction and financi
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79 Table 3 6 -Structure of assets a
Page 93 and 94:
Response of Rural Loan Demand to In
Page 95 and 96:
83 Table 3 9-Estimated multivariate
Page 97 and 98:
85 Table 40-Estimated multivariate
Page 99 and 100:
87 separate deteriminants of demand
Page 101 and 102:
Table 4 1-Continued Type of Demand,
Page 103 and 104:
Table 4 1-Confinued Type of Demand,
Page 105 and 106:
Table 4 2 -Evidence on interest ela
Page 107 and 108:
7 Response of Supply of Rural Depos
Page 109 and 110:
Page 111 and 112:
99 Table 4 6-Relative importance of
Page 113 and 114:
101 I1e positivc respolse of supply
Page 115 and 116:
Table 48- Continued 103 eBased on t
Page 117 and 118:
Table 4 9 -Pattern of total rural s
Page 119 and 120:
107 is substantial saving even in d
Page 121 and 122:
Page 123 and 124:
111 nient), and lastly, the inverse
Page 125 and 126:
113 Table 54-Positive and negative
Page 127 and 128:
9 Flow of Funds of the Rural Financ
Page 129 and 130:
117 interest I'evellie and payment.
Page 131 and 132:
Table 5 5 -Continued 119 cin scenar
Page 133 and 134:
10 Conclusions and Implications ase
Page 135 and 136:
123 differential increase in demand
Page 137 and 138:
125 can be attained. Multifunctiona
Page 139 and 140:
127 fully achieved. Had the institu
Page 141 and 142:
129 so doing, improvements in verti
Page 143 and 144:
The standard error of The standard
Page 145 and 146:
Appendix 2 Reasons for Delinquency
Page 147 and 148:
Region/Country 135 Reaso.z Near Eas
Page 149 and 150:
References Abbott, J. C. 1 9 7 3a.
Page 151 and 152:
139 Aku, P. S. 1986. Lending to far
Page 153 and 154:
141 Caibbean Country Department II,
Page 155 and 156:
143 144. Princeton, N.J., U.S.A.: W
Page 157 and 158:
145 1975. Agriculturalcredit in Asi
Page 159 and 160:
__ 147 Gurley, J. G., and E. S. Sha
Page 161 and 162:
149 G. Hunter and A. F. Bottrall, 5
Page 163 and 164:
151 Lee, T. Y., D. H. Kim, and D. W
Page 165 and 166:
153 __ _. 1976. The new economics o
Page 167 and 168:
155 Olu, W. 1985. Formal credit and
Page 169 and 170:
__ 157 Rao, B. P. 1970. The economi
Page 171 and 172:
159 Singh, G., and S. R. Asokan. 19
Page 173 and 174:
-- 161 Verghese, S. K. 1983. tivfit
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