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150 American Agricultural Economics Association, and Ohio State University, 28July to 1August, San Diego, California. Kelley, A. C., andj. G. Williamson. 1968. Iousehold saving behavior in the developing economics: The Indonesian case. Economic Development and Cultural Change 16 (3): 385-103. Keynes, j. M. 1936. The general theowy of employment, interest, and money. London: Macmillan. Kim, M.J. 1973. A study on the savings behavior in Korea: 1953-1972. Working Paper No. 7510. Korean Development Institute, Seoul, Korea. Mimeo. King, R. 1975. Experience in the administration of cooperative credit and marketing societies inNorthern Nigeria. Agricutural Administration 2 (3): 195-207. Korea, Republic of, NACF (National Agricultural Cooperative Federation). Various years. Ann111al report. Seoul. Krishna, R., and G. S. Ravchoudlry. 1980. 7'ends in rural saving and piiiiatecapitalformnation in India. World Bank Staff Working Paper No. 382. Washington, D.C.: World Bank. Kunmar, P., 1'.K. Joshi, and M. A. Murlidliaran. 1978. Estimation of demand for credit on marginal faris-A profit function approach. IndianJoumal of ,Anpctural Economics 33 (4): 106-114. Ladman, J. R. 197,4. A model of crtdit applied to lie allocation of resources ini a Case, stuldv of a saipIi)l" of Mexican farmns. Economic Development and Cultural Change 22 (2): 279-301. Lahiri, A. K. 1978. Assets sttucture of Indian rural households. Indian Econonic Rei'iew 13 (2): 1,13-166. Lal, P., and U. Nath. 1988. Nepal. In Farmn finance and agricultural development, 1,11-150. Tokyo: Agricultural Productivity Organization. Lee, C. Y. 1983. A note on agriculturalbanking system in China. Rome: Food and Agriculture Organization of the I Inited Nations. Lee, D. H. 1981. Republic of Korea. In Farm credit in selected Asian countries, 90-98. Tokyo: Agricuiitul PlrodtctivitV Organization. Lee, G. ., aid If. 1). Kyung. 1988. Reptiilic of Korea. In Parnmfinance and agricultural development, t17-.126. Tokyo: Agrictiltural Productivity Organization. Lee, T. Y., and D. 1-1.Kim. 1976. A study of financial savings activities ill Korean agricultural cooperatives: Case studies. National Agricultural Research Institute, Seoul, Republic of Korea. Mimeo.
151 Lee, T. Y., D. H. Kim, and D. W. Adams. 1977. Savings deposits and credit activities in South Korean agricultural cooperatives: 1961 1975. Asian Survey 17 (12): 1182-1194. Lee, W. F., M. D. Bohije, and A. G. Nelson. 1980. Agrwnlturalfinance. Ames, Iowa, U.S.A.: Iowa State University Press. Leff, N. H., arid K. Sato. 1975. A simultaneous equations model of savings in developing counti-ies.Journal ofPoliticalEconomy 83 (6): 1217-1228. Leibenstein, H. 1957. Economic backwardness and economic growth. New York: Wiley. Lele, U. 1974. The roles of credit and marketing in agricultural development. In Ag7icultural policy in developing countries, ed. N. Islam, 413-441. New York: Macmillan. _ . 1975. The design of ruraldevelopment: Lessons fwm Africa. Baltimore, Md., U.S.A.:Johns Hopkins University Press for the World Bank. -__ . 1989a. Agiculturalgrowth, domestic policies, the exterlial environrnen4 and assistanceto Africa: Lessons ofa quartercentuly. Managing Agricultural Development in Afiica Discussion Paper No. 1. Washington, D.C.: World Bank. _._ - 19891). Managingagrrcidturaldevelopment in Afica: Th lee alicles on lessonsf'on experience. Managing Agricultural Development in Africa Discussion Paper No. 2. Washington, I).C.: World Bank. Lele, U., and R. E. Christiansen. 1989. Markets, marketing boards, and cooperativesin Africa:Issues in adjustmentspolicy. Managing Agricultural Development in Africa Discussion Paper No. 11. Washington, D.C.: World Bank. Leon, Y., and P. Rainelli. 1976. Savings of farmers: A cross-sectional anah sis. European Review ofAgiculturalEconomics (3/4): 501-521. Lewis, W. A. 1954. Economic development with unlimited supplies of labour. The Manchester School. Minico. Li, C. M. 1961. Economic development. In Economicdeveloplment: Analysis and case studies, ed. A. Pepelasis, L. Mears, and I. Adelmnan. New York: Harper. Lins, D. A. 1972. Determinants of net changes in farm real estate debt. AgriculturalEconomic Research 24 (1): 1-8. Lipton, M. 1976. Agricultural finance and rural credit in poor countries. World Development 4 (7): 5,43-553. _ . 1980. Rural credit, farm finance, and village households. In Borrowery and lenders: Rural financial markets and institutions in
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,AFOOD POLICY EVIEWl Institutional
Page 3 and 4:
FOOD POLICY REVIEW 1 Institutional
Page 5 and 6:
Chapter One Chapter Two Chapter Thr
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15. Unit transaction costs, unit ir
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47. Relative importance of intcecst
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Foreword Thiis report introduces a
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1 Summary This study analyzes two a
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3 Six organizational principles for
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2 Introduction Finance and Economic
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An obvious problem innate to an act
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9 Selection of Theme and Issues for
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I1 TIhe issue of scale economies is
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13 There is also a problem of indiv
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15 Figure I-Share of borrowing of f
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17 Figure 2-Share of'agricultural l
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19 specific or economywile developm
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Table 1- Continued 21 Region, Count
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Table 2-Continued Government Nation
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25 regional without higher or lower
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27 Caribbean, compared with Asia. T
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Table 3 -Continued Proportion of Pe
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31 LICs (including Bangladesh, Indi
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33 Functional Structure of RFIs and
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35 approximated from available lite
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Figure 3-Stylized organizational fr
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5 Transaction Costs, Profitability,
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411 or fiom new borrowers. Moreover
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43 Table 6-Unit transaction costs o
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45 tiotis largely by borrowing fi'o
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47 Table 9 -Transaction costs of br
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49 'T7heSonali Bank's unit uct marg
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Table 14-Estimated parameters of th
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53 PACS) was established ill March
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55 Table 16-Deposit growth rates of
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57 rIIIIal Output (28 p)Celt) and o
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59 Although APS loans were dominant
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Table 2 0-Pattern of loans advanced
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63 Table 2 1- Unit profit and unit
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65 resources are mainly channeled t
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67 Table 25-Various costs, gross ma
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69 BAAC also en1joyced sc.;le ,~ol
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71 iuzividual farmers at the distri
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73 Agriculture and Cooperatives 197
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75 like the county and plimaly coop
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77 Table 33-Transaction and financi
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79 Table 3 6 -Structure of assets a
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Response of Rural Loan Demand to In
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83 Table 3 9-Estimated multivariate
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85 Table 40-Estimated multivariate
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87 separate deteriminants of demand
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Table 4 1-Continued Type of Demand,
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Table 4 1-Confinued Type of Demand,
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Table 4 2 -Evidence on interest ela
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7 Response of Supply of Rural Depos
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97 Table 44-Estimated multivariate
Page 111 and 112: 99 Table 4 6-Relative importance of
Page 113 and 114: 101 I1e positivc respolse of supply
Page 115 and 116: Table 48- Continued 103 eBased on t
Page 117 and 118: Table 4 9 -Pattern of total rural s
Page 119 and 120: 107 is substantial saving even in d
Page 121 and 122: 109 Table 52-Estimated multivariate
Page 123 and 124: 111 nient), and lastly, the inverse
Page 125 and 126: 113 Table 54-Positive and negative
Page 127 and 128: 9 Flow of Funds of the Rural Financ
Page 129 and 130: 117 interest I'evellie and payment.
Page 131 and 132: Table 5 5 -Continued 119 cin scenar
Page 133 and 134: 10 Conclusions and Implications ase
Page 135 and 136: 123 differential increase in demand
Page 137 and 138: 125 can be attained. Multifunctiona
Page 139 and 140: 127 fully achieved. Had the institu
Page 141 and 142: 129 so doing, improvements in verti
Page 143 and 144: The standard error of The standard
Page 145 and 146: Appendix 2 Reasons for Delinquency
Page 147 and 148: Region/Country 135 Reaso.z Near Eas
Page 149 and 150: References Abbott, J. C. 1 9 7 3a.
Page 151 and 152: 139 Aku, P. S. 1986. Lending to far
Page 153 and 154: 141 Caibbean Country Department II,
Page 155 and 156: 143 144. Princeton, N.J., U.S.A.: W
Page 157 and 158: 145 1975. Agriculturalcredit in Asi
Page 159 and 160: __ 147 Gurley, J. G., and E. S. Sha
Page 161: 149 G. Hunter and A. F. Bottrall, 5
Page 165 and 166: 153 __ _. 1976. The new economics o
Page 167 and 168: 155 Olu, W. 1985. Formal credit and
Page 169 and 170: __ 157 Rao, B. P. 1970. The economi
Page 171 and 172: 159 Singh, G., and S. R. Asokan. 19
Page 173 and 174: -- 161 Verghese, S. K. 1983. tivfit
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