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154 Naseem, M. 1975. Credit availability and the growth of small farms in the Pakistan Punjab. FoodResearch InstituteStudies 14 (1): 65-80. Nehnian, G.1. 1973. Small farmers credit use in a depressed community of Sio Paulo, Brazil. Ph.D. diss., Ohio State University, Coh,mbus, Ohio, U.S.A. Nelson, B. N. 1969. The idea of usuy from tribalbrotherhood to univelsal brotherhood.Chicago: University of Chicago Press. NENARCA (Near East and North Af-ica Regional Agricultural Credit Association). 1987. Report on the conference on repayment of agricultural loans, 18-21 October. Mimeo. Nicholson, F. A. 1960. Report regarding possibility of introducing land and agricultural banks into Madras Presidency 1875. Bombay. Nicholson, N. K. 198t. L.andholding, agricultural modernization, and local institutions in India. Economic Development and Cultural Change 32 (3): 569-592. Nieclerstucke, K. 11. 197.1. A socioeconomic evaluation of the smallholder credit scheme, Kericho, Kenya. Nisbet, C. T.1969. "le relationship between formal and informal credit nmarkets in rural Chile. Lanl ltconomnics '15 (2): 162-173. ___ .1971. Moncylcnding in rural areas of Latin America. American Journalof Economics and Sociology 30 (1): 7 1-81. Noda, T. 1970. Savings of farmihouseholds. In Agiculture and economic growth:Japan'sexperience, cd. K. Olhkawa, B. F. Johnston, and 1-1. Kaneda. Princeton, N.J., U.S.A. and Tokyo, Japan: Princeton University Press and UJniversity of Tokyo Press. Norinclukin Bank. 1985. Rural credit injapan. Tokyo. Nyanin, 0. 0. 1969. Credit and small farmers in South Korea, 1968-70. M.S. thesis, Ohio State L niversity, Columbus, Ohio, U.S.A. __ _ .1982. Costs of agricultural lending, institutional viability, and lender behavior in Jamaica. Ph.D. diss. Columbus, Ohio, U.S.A.: Ohio State University. Obibuaku, L. 0., and G. 1). I lursl . 197,4. Farm practice adoption in the eastern states of Nigeria. Agriciltural Administation 1 (2): 115 123. Ohio State University. 1987. Rural finance in Niger: A critical appraisal and recommendations for change. Final report. Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, U .S.A. Olin, M. 1975. The distribution of agricultural credit in Latin America. Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel. Mimeo.
155 Olu, W. 1985. Formal credit and default problems in II.D-Programmes in Sier'a Leone. Hiamburg, Germany: Studien zur Integrierten ILindlichen Entwicklung, Verlag Weltarchiv. Oluwasanmi, Fl. A., and J. A. Alao. 1965. The role of credit in the transformation of traditional agriculture: The Western Nigerian experience. The NigerianJournalof Economics and Social Studies 7 (1): 31-50. Onchon, T. 1982. Credit problems of farmers in Thailand. Paper prepared for the symposium on farm credit organ;zed by the Asian Productivity Center, Manila. - 1988. Farm credit policies in Asian countries. In Fannfinance and agriculturaldevelopmtent, 3,13-354. Tokyo: Agricultural Productivity Organization. Ong, M. M. L. 1972. Changes in farni-level savings and consuimption in Taiwan, 1960-1970. Ph.D. diss., Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, U.S.A. Ong, M. M. L., D. W. Adams, and I. J. Singh. 1976. Voluntary rural savings capacities in Taiwan, 1960-1970. AmericanJournalof AgriculturalEconomics 58 (3): 578-582. Osuntogun, A. 1980. --arnm level credit use among cooperative farmers in Nigeria. In Bonowers and lenders: Ruralfinancial markets and institutionsin developingcountries,ed.J. Howell. ILondon: Overseas Development Institute. Padki, M. B., and G. S. Gajarajan. 1978. Some basic conflicts in rural credit: With special reference to fariers' service cooperative societies. IndianJournalof AgriculturalEconomics 33 (4): 84-91. Padmanabhan, K. P. 1988. Ruralcredit: Lessonsfor nralbankeis andpolicy makers. London: Intermediate Technology Publications. Pakistan, Government of. 197,1. Rfport on the nrralcredit survey. Lahore: Agricultural Census Organization. Pani, P. K. 1966. Cultivator's deimamnd for crtdit: A cross-section analysis. InternationalEconomic Review 7 (2): 176-203. Paoiker, P. G. K. 1970. Ruralsaving in India. Bombay: Somaiya Publications. Parks, L. L., and R. L. Tinnermvnier. 1981. Agricultural credit for farmer groups: Expcrinients in Honduras. CERCA. Pathak, S. M., and T. Shukla. 1 9 87a. Performance of the organized rural financial markets in agricultural sector: Some issues. Prajnan 16 (4): 491-513. .1987b. Regional variations in flow of finds and functioning of rural financial market. Prajnan 16 (4): 477-489.
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,AFOOD POLICY EVIEWl Institutional
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FOOD POLICY REVIEW 1 Institutional
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Chapter One Chapter Two Chapter Thr
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15. Unit transaction costs, unit ir
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47. Relative importance of intcecst
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Foreword Thiis report introduces a
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1 Summary This study analyzes two a
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3 Six organizational principles for
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2 Introduction Finance and Economic
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An obvious problem innate to an act
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9 Selection of Theme and Issues for
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I1 TIhe issue of scale economies is
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13 There is also a problem of indiv
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15 Figure I-Share of borrowing of f
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17 Figure 2-Share of'agricultural l
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19 specific or economywile developm
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Table 1- Continued 21 Region, Count
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Table 2-Continued Government Nation
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25 regional without higher or lower
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27 Caribbean, compared with Asia. T
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Table 3 -Continued Proportion of Pe
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31 LICs (including Bangladesh, Indi
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33 Functional Structure of RFIs and
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35 approximated from available lite
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Figure 3-Stylized organizational fr
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5 Transaction Costs, Profitability,
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411 or fiom new borrowers. Moreover
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43 Table 6-Unit transaction costs o
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45 tiotis largely by borrowing fi'o
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47 Table 9 -Transaction costs of br
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49 'T7heSonali Bank's unit uct marg
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Table 14-Estimated parameters of th
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53 PACS) was established ill March
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55 Table 16-Deposit growth rates of
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57 rIIIIal Output (28 p)Celt) and o
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59 Although APS loans were dominant
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Table 2 0-Pattern of loans advanced
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63 Table 2 1- Unit profit and unit
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65 resources are mainly channeled t
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67 Table 25-Various costs, gross ma
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69 BAAC also en1joyced sc.;le ,~ol
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71 iuzividual farmers at the distri
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73 Agriculture and Cooperatives 197
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75 like the county and plimaly coop
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77 Table 33-Transaction and financi
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79 Table 3 6 -Structure of assets a
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Response of Rural Loan Demand to In
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83 Table 3 9-Estimated multivariate
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85 Table 40-Estimated multivariate
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87 separate deteriminants of demand
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Table 4 1-Continued Type of Demand,
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Table 4 1-Confinued Type of Demand,
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Table 4 2 -Evidence on interest ela
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7 Response of Supply of Rural Depos
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97 Table 44-Estimated multivariate
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99 Table 4 6-Relative importance of
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101 I1e positivc respolse of supply
Page 115 and 116: Table 48- Continued 103 eBased on t
Page 117 and 118: Table 4 9 -Pattern of total rural s
Page 119 and 120: 107 is substantial saving even in d
Page 121 and 122: 109 Table 52-Estimated multivariate
Page 123 and 124: 111 nient), and lastly, the inverse
Page 125 and 126: 113 Table 54-Positive and negative
Page 127 and 128: 9 Flow of Funds of the Rural Financ
Page 129 and 130: 117 interest I'evellie and payment.
Page 131 and 132: Table 5 5 -Continued 119 cin scenar
Page 133 and 134: 10 Conclusions and Implications ase
Page 135 and 136: 123 differential increase in demand
Page 137 and 138: 125 can be attained. Multifunctiona
Page 139 and 140: 127 fully achieved. Had the institu
Page 141 and 142: 129 so doing, improvements in verti
Page 143 and 144: The standard error of The standard
Page 145 and 146: Appendix 2 Reasons for Delinquency
Page 147 and 148: Region/Country 135 Reaso.z Near Eas
Page 149 and 150: References Abbott, J. C. 1 9 7 3a.
Page 151 and 152: 139 Aku, P. S. 1986. Lending to far
Page 153 and 154: 141 Caibbean Country Department II,
Page 155 and 156: 143 144. Princeton, N.J., U.S.A.: W
Page 157 and 158: 145 1975. Agriculturalcredit in Asi
Page 159 and 160: __ 147 Gurley, J. G., and E. S. Sha
Page 161 and 162: 149 G. Hunter and A. F. Bottrall, 5
Page 163 and 164: 151 Lee, T. Y., D. H. Kim, and D. W
Page 165: 153 __ _. 1976. The new economics o
Page 169 and 170: __ 157 Rao, B. P. 1970. The economi
Page 171 and 172: 159 Singh, G., and S. R. Asokan. 19
Page 173 and 174: -- 161 Verghese, S. K. 1983. tivfit
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