edu 304 - comparative education - National Open University of Nigeria
edu 304 - comparative education - National Open University of Nigeria
edu 304 - comparative education - National Open University of Nigeria
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In France, there are two types <strong>of</strong> <strong>edu</strong>cation, they are:<br />
(a) The state schools as well as<br />
(b) Private or independent schools founded by the private<br />
individuals or groups or religious bodies. The two types <strong>of</strong><br />
<strong>edu</strong>cation are not only centralized but are also similar in both<br />
methods and structure.<br />
However, the secularization laws (laws preventing the church or<br />
religious bodies from controlling the schools) <strong>of</strong> 1882 and that <strong>of</strong> 1904<br />
assisted the public or state schools to be independent <strong>of</strong> the church. The<br />
same laws also made the catholic schools not only to be voluntary but<br />
also independent <strong>of</strong> the state. While the Catholic schools were<br />
established by individual teachers as well as groups <strong>of</strong> parents under the<br />
control <strong>of</strong> the church on the other hand, the state schools belong to the<br />
government and such schools are being attended by well over 70% <strong>of</strong> the<br />
compulsory age groups in France. Tuition was free in the state schools,<br />
whereas it is not free at all in the private or Catholic schools. The<br />
<strong>edu</strong>cation law <strong>of</strong> 1850 allowed the private individuals to open secondary<br />
schools. The <strong>edu</strong>cation law <strong>of</strong> 1875 allowed for the establishment <strong>of</strong><br />
private higher institutions, that <strong>of</strong> 1886 gave legal backing for the<br />
founding <strong>of</strong> private primary schools and the <strong>edu</strong>cation law <strong>of</strong> 1919 gave<br />
legal backing for the establishment <strong>of</strong> private technical institutions.<br />
The compulsory <strong>edu</strong>cation designed for children aged 6 and 13<br />
years by the <strong>edu</strong>cation law <strong>of</strong> 1882 was extended to 14 years by the<br />
<strong>edu</strong>cation law <strong>of</strong> 1936. This was increased to 16 years by the <strong>edu</strong>cation<br />
decree <strong>of</strong> 1959.<br />
3.5.3 Education Administration<br />
Education administration in France is centrally done. France as a<br />
whole is divided into regions and each region is blessed with some<br />
departments known as academic. A Rector is the head <strong>of</strong> each academic<br />
who is always appointed by the president. The Rector is responsible to<br />
the Education Minister and he has powers over institutions under his<br />
control including the supervision <strong>of</strong> private schools. Rector is supported<br />
by the inspectors <strong>of</strong> academy. In addition, each district ha a primary<br />
Inspector who is responsible to the Inspector <strong>of</strong> Academy. For pre-<br />
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