The Toxicologist - Society of Toxicology

metabolism) was found to be 31.6 h. The average final fractions of administered
dose recovered in urine as PI were 0.025% and 0.002%, for oral and dermal administration,
respectively after 96 h. According to the model, when orally administered,
PI rapidly hydrolyzes to phthalamic and phthalic acids such that only 0.04%
of the PI found in the gastrointestinal tract is absorbed into the blood stream.
Likewise, after dermal application, model predicts that only 7.4% of the applied
Folpet dose crosses the epidermis. In the model, the PI initial metabolite of Folpet
is formed in the dermis and further metabolized prior to reaching systemic circulation,
such that only 0.125% of PI formed at the site-of-entry reaches systemic
blood. Our mathematical model is in accordance with both measures of blood
(R 2 =0.57 for dermal and R 2 =0.66 for oral) and urine (R 2 =0.98 for dermal and
R 2 =0.99 for oral).
1241 EVALUATION OF CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE
BIOMARKERS IN ADULT TOBACCO CONSUMERS: A
COMPARISON BETWEEN THE NATIONAL HEALTH
AND NUTRITION EXAMINATION SURVEY AND A
SINGLE SITE CROSS-SECTIONAL STUDY.
K. M. Marano, S. J. Kathman, B. A. Jones, B. G. Brown and M. F. Borgerding.
RJ Reynolds Tobacco Co., Winston Salem, NC. Sponsor: C. Garner.
Cardiovascular disease (CVD) physiological and biochemical markers of potential
harm were compared in adult cigarette smokers, smokeless tobacco (chewing tobacco
and snuff) consumers, and non-consumers of tobacco using data from the
National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES). A similar evaluation
was then conducted in a subset of NHANES, which included male cigarette
smokers, snuff consumers, and non-consumers of tobacco ages 26-49. These two
NHANES analyses were then compared with results from a single site, cross-sectional
study of healthy U.S. male exclusive cigarette smokers, exclusive moist snuff
consumers, and never consumers of tobacco ages 26-49. In both NHANES analyses
and the cross-sectional study, median values for all markers were within normal
clinical reference ranges. However, statistically significant differences were seen in
some comparisons between the three tobacco consumption categories, which were
generally consistent across the three data sets. Most differences were seen in cigarette
smokers compared with non-consumers of tobacco (increases in white blood
cells, neutrophils, monocytes, lymphocytes, fibrinogen, and C-reactive protein, and
decreases in folate) and in cigarette smokers compared with smokeless tobacco consumers
(increases in white blood cells, monocytes, and lymphocytes). In smokeless
tobacco consumers compared with non-consumers of tobacco, only folate was statistically
significantly different (decreased) in all analyses. In general, findings were
consistent with the available published data of CVD biomarkers in smokeless tobacco
consumers compared with non-consumers. Results additionally support previous
reports of statistically significant differences in certain biomarkers of CVD in
cigarette smokers and non-smokers.
1242 AN ANALYSIS OF PERFLUOROCHEMICAL
CONCENTRATIONS IN AMERICAN RED CROSS
ADULT BLOOD DONORS, 2000 TO 2010.
G. W. Olsen 1 , D. C. Mair 2 , C. C. Lange 3 , M. E. Ellefson 3 and W. K. Reagen 3 .
1 Medical, 3M Company, St. Paul, MN, 2 North Central Region, American Red Cross,
St. Paul, MN and 3 Environmental Laboratory, 3M, St. Paul, MN.
In 2000, the 3M Company voluntarily began phase out production of perfluorooctanesulfonyl-based
products that were used as surfactants, paper and packaging
treatments and surface protectants after perfluorooctanesulfonate (PFOS,
C8F17SO3-) was reported in human populations and the environment. The majority
of the manufacture phase-out was accomplished by the end of 2000. Between
2000-2001 and 2006 an approximate 60% decline in PFOS concentrations was
observed across 6 American Red Cross blood donation centers representing Boston,
MA., Charlotte, N.C., Hagerstown, MD., Los Angeles, CA., Minneapolis-St. Paul,
MN., and Portland, OR. An approximate 25% decline was observed for perfluorooctanoate
(PFOA, C7F15COO-). The present study extends these trend statistics
an additional four years as the length of time since the phase-out is nearly twice
the reported mean half-life of serum elimination for PFOS of approximately 5
years. In the summer of 2010, 600 plasma samples were collected from 300 male
and 300 female American Red Cross anonymous blood donors between the ages of
20-69 at the same six locations. Sample extraction is accomplished using protein
precipitation. The final eluates are analyzed for PFOS, perfluroohexanesulfoante
(PFHxS, C6F13SO3-), perfluorobutanesulfonate (PFBS, C4F9SO3-), and a homologous
series of perfluorocarboxylates from perfluorobutyrate (PFBA,
266 SOT 2011 ANNUAL MEETING
C3F7COO-) through perfluorododecanoate (PFDA, C11F23COO-), using highperformance
liquid chromatography interfaced with a triple-quadrupole mass spectrometer.
Quantification is accomplished using matrix-matched extracted calibration
curves in combination with isotopically-labeled internal standards and
surrogates.
1243 PLASTICIZER MIGRATION FROM TOYS AND CHILD
CARE ARTICLES.
M. A. Dreyfus and M. A. Babich. U.S. Consumer Product Safety Commission,
Bethesda, MD.
Dialkyl phthalates, including diisononyl phthalate (DINP), have been used as plasticizers
in children’s products made from polyvinyl chloride (PVC), such as teethers
and toys. Children may be exposed when handling or mouthing PVC products because
plasticizers are not covalently bound. The Consumer Product Safety
Improvement Act of 2008 (CPSIA) prohibited the use of certain phthalates in child
care articles and children’s toys. Thus, manufacturers have changed to other plasticizers
or non-PVC plastics. However, the potential health risks of alternative plasticizers
have not been evaluated. CPSC staff purchased 63 children’s products comprising
129 components before the phthalate regulations took effect. Plastics
identified by FTIR included PVC, polypropylene, polyethylene, and ABS. Of the
129 components tested, 38 were PVC. Plasticizers identified by GC-MS in the 38
PVC components included acetyltributyl citrate (ATBC) (20); di(2-ethylhexyl)
terephthalate (DEHT) (14); 1,2-cyclohexanedicarboxylic acid diisononyl ester
(DINCH) (13); 2,2,4-trimethyl-1,3-pentanediol diisobutyrate (TXIB) (9); di(2
ethyhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) (1); and DINP (1). Most tested components contained
multiple plasticizers. Total plasticizer concentrations ranged from 2.5 to
58%. Migration rates were measured by the Joint Research Centre method to estimate
oral exposure when the articles are mouthed. Migration rates (micrograms/10
cm 2 /min) were: ATBC (range 0.8 to >15); TXIB (0.9—11.3), DINCH (0.4—7.3);
and DEHT (0.1—3.6). Migration rates did not correlate well with plasticizer concentration.
Wipe sampling was used to estimate the amount of plasticizer that
could be transferred to skin. Plasticizer release ranged from 490 (ATBC) to 32,000
(DINP) micrograms per 100 cm 2 . This study was performed to assist a Chronic
Hazard Advisory Panel (CHAP) convened by the CPSC, as directed in the CPSIA,
“to study the effects on children’s health of all phthalates and phthalate alternatives
as used in children’s toys and child care articles.” This work has not been reviewed or
approved by, and does not necessarily represent the views of, the Commission.
1244 RESIDENTIAL EXPOSURE MODELING FOR OZONE-
GENERATING AIR CLEANERS.
M. A. Babich, K. R. Carlson and T. A. Thomas. U.S. Consumer Product Safety
Commission, Bethesda, MD.
Some portable residential indoor air cleaners generate ozone either intentionally or
as a byproduct of operation. Acute and chronic health effects have been linked to
ozone inhalation exposure. The U.S. Food and Drug Administration established an
ozone emission limit of 50 ppb for medical devices. Underwriters Laboratories
(UL) has incorporated the 50 ppb limit into a voluntary standard for emissions
from portable household air cleaner products (UL 867). UL 867 allows a maximum
steady-state concentration of 50 ppb [0.099 mg/cm 3 ] in a 30 m 3 test chamber
with a net apparent decay rate of 1.33 h. -1 CPSC staff used modeling to evaluate
the adequacy of UL 867 to maintain ozone at “acceptable” levels (≤ 50 ppb)
during normal conditions of air cleaner use in a residential setting. The maximum
source strength allowed by UL 867 was estimated to be approximately 4 mg/h. The
concentration of ozone in a simulated room or house was then estimated by using
one, two, and multiple zone models, a source strength of 4 mg/h, and various input
factors (air exchange rate, ambient concentration, deposition velocity, room volume,
and surface to volume ratio). Modeled ozone concentrations ranged from
7.73 to 37.4 ppb for six out of seven one-zone scenarios. In the seventh “worstcase,”
one-zone scenario, reduced infiltration rates, room volume, deposition velocity,
ratio of total surface area to envelope surface area, and increased ambient ozone
yielded an estimated ozone concentration of 79.8 ppb. In another exercise, probabilistic
estimation of ozone concentrations for one-zone and two-zone models
ranged from 6.3 to 28 ppb (averages) when using source strengths < 19.8 mg/h. At
a source strength of 4 mg/h, approximately 99.9 percent of the estimated cases had
ozone concentrations of less than 50 ppb for both the one-zone and two-zone models.
Under reasonably foreseeable conditions of use, ozone concentrations of ozone
do not exceed 50 ppb when derived from air cleaners that meet the UL 867 voluntary
standard. This work has not been reviewed or approved by, and does not necessarily
represent the views of, the Commission.