The Toxicologist - Society of Toxicology

2406 TOXICITY AND BIOACCUMULATION OF MERCURY
(II) CHLORIDE IN TWO GENERA OF EARTHWORMS.
A. C. Nichols and D. A. Steffy. Physical and Earth Sciences, Jacksonville State
University, Jacksonville, AL.
In continuing research to investigate the use of earthworms to moniter mercury
(Hg) movement into terrestrial food chains, earthworms from two different genera,
Lumbricus terretris and Eisenia fetida, were grown in soils with differing concentrations
of mercury (II) ions. Mercury was added to the soils as aqueous solutions of
mercury (II) chloride. Soil Hg concentrations used with Eisenia earthworms were
soil background, 15 mg of added mercuric ions per kg of soil, 35 mg/kg of soil and
50 mg/kg of soil. Soil concentrations used with Lumbricus were background, 25
mg of mercuric ions per kg of soil, 50 mg/kg, 100 mg/kg and 200 mg/kg. After two
weeks of Hg exposure, no live Eisenia were found in the 35 mg/kg and 50 mg/kg
treatment boxes. Worms of this genus grown in the 15 mg/kg treatment box had a
Hg tissue concentration of 18.73 +/- 0.57 (mean +/- SD)micrograms of Hg per
gram of freeze-dried tissue. After two weeks of Hg exposure, live Lumbricus worms
were collected from all of the treatment groups. Mercury tissue levels in these
worms (in micrograms of Hg per g of freeze-dried tissue) were 10.65 +/- 0.30 for
the 25 mg/kg exposure group, 44.70 +/- 4.14 for the 50 mg/kg exposure group,
53.88 +/- 1.71 for the 100 mg/kg exposure group, and 272.29 +/- 33.68 for the
200 mg/kg exposure group. Worms of the genus Lumbricus were able to tolerate
greater body burdens of Hg than those of the genus Eisenia. Mercury analysis was
conducted using cold vapor atomic absorption spectrometry.
2407 COMPARISON OF CHROMIUM TOXICITY ON
HUMAN, STELLER SEA LION, SPERM WHALE, AND
NORTHERN RIGHT WHALE SKIN CELLS.
C. LaCerte 1, 2, 3 , T. Li Chen 1, 2, 3 , A. Holmes 1, 2, 3 , S. Wise 1, 2, 3 , S. Kraus 4 , F.
Gulland 5 and J. P. Wise 1, 2, 3 . 1 Wise Laboratory of Environmental and Genetic
Toxicology, University of Southern Maine, Portland, ME, 2 Maine Center for
Toxicology and Environmental Health, University of Southern Maine, Portland, ME,
3 Department of Applied Medical Science, University of Southern Maine, Portland,
ME, 4 Edgerton Research Laboratory, New England Aquarium, Boston, MA and 5 The
Marine Mammal Center, Sausalito, CA.
Marine pollution poses a significant ecological and health problem. Chromium is a
common marine pollutant with sources from leather tanning and textile dyeing industries.
We present work done on two Cr(VI) compounds sodium chromate (soluble)
and lead chromate (particulate) using primary skin cells from human, Stellar
sea lion (SSL), Sperm Whale (SPW) and North Atlantic right whale (NARW). Our
results show that when based on intracellular Cr concentration human cells are the
most sensitive to soluble Cr(VI) induced cytotoxicity. At 500 uM, human cells
show 50% relative survival while SSL, SPW and NARW cells showed 62, 75 and
75%, respectively. When considering genotoxicity, SSL cells are more sensitive to
soluble Cr(VI). At 100 uM, Cr damaged 18 SSL chromosomes in 100 metaphases
analyzed, while human, SPW and NARW cells showed only 10, 2 and 3 damaged
chromosomes. When considering particulate chromium, NARW cells are most sensitive
with respect to cytotoxicity and SSL cells are most sensitive with respect to
genotoxicity. At 200 uM Cr, NARW cells showed 58% survival while human, SSL
and SPW cells showed 81, 79 and 89% relative survival. At 100 uM, Cr damaged
13 chromosomes in 100 metaphases in SSL cells; while human, SPW and NARW
cells showed only 7, 6 and 5 damaged chromosomes. As a human carcinogen our
study suggest that Cr(VI) is also a health concern for marine mammals. This work
was supported by NOAA Grants NA03NMF4720478 (J.P.W.) and
NA03NMF4390041 (J.P.W.), NIEHS grant ES10838 (J.P.W.) and the Maine
Center for Toxicology and Environmental Health.
2408 CYTOTOXIC AND MUTAGENIC EFFECTS OF THE
HAIR DYE REACTIVE RED 51 AND ITS DEGRADATION
USING PHOTOELECTROCATALYSIS.
T. B. Zanoni 1 , D. P. Oliveira 1 , L. E. Fraga 2 , M. B. Zanoni 2 and N. R. Pissuti 1 .
1 Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil and 2 Quimica Analítica, UNESP,
Araraquara, São Paulo, Brazil.
In recent years there has been a major concern over the extensive use of synthetic
colorants including hair dyes. Prediction of harmful effects of these compounds are
very important, considering that human is permeable to these these chemicals they
could be absorbed through dermis, reaching blood vessel.Although epidemiological
studies suggest a relation between occupational exposure to hair dyes and incidence
of cancer, little is known about the toxicity of these dyes to humans and to the environment
due to the patent protection.In this work, we evaluated the cytotoxic
and mutagenic effect of the hair dye Basic Red 51 (BR51), using trypan blue in
HepG2 (hepatoblastome) cells and Salmonella assay. We also investigated the efficiency
of photoelectrocatalysis as a technique for removing the dye and its toxicity.For
the toxicity assessment of BR51 a dose response curve for 24 and 48 hours
was calculated for HepG2 cells after incubation at 37 oC and 5% of
Co2.Salmonella assay was performed using pre-incubation protocol using strain
TA100.The photoelectrocatalytical degradation of a BR51 solution at 1.0x10-5
mol L-1 was performed using a W/WO3/TiO2 under visible light irradiation.The
color removal was determined using a spectrophotometer UV-vis and the degradation
of organic matter was monitored by determination of total organic carbon
(TOC).Our results indicated that the dose of 0.5 mg/mL of BR51 induced 99% of
cell death after 24 hours of exposure while after 48 hours BR51 at 0.25 mg/mL was
enough to cause 90% of cell death.We also observed that BR51 has mutagenic potential
for TA100. The photoelectrocatalysis treatment of BR51for 60 min was able
to remove 100% of the color and after 120 min, 69.02% of TOC was removed.
The results indicate that RB51should be use with caution and that the photoelectrocatalysis
is a promising tool for the treatment of aqueous samples contaminated
with this hair dye.
2409 COMPARISON BETWEEN THE EFFICIENCY OF
TREATMENTS BY PHOTOELECTROCATALYSIS AND
CONVENTIONAL CHLORINATION UNDER AQUATIC
TOXICITY ENDPOINT.
E. A. Ferraz 1 , T. M. Lizier 2 , M. B. Zanoni 2 and D. P. Oliveira 1 . 1 Faculdade de
Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto - Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto,
São Paulo, Brazil and 2 Universidade Estadual Paulista Júlio de Mesquita Filho -
UNESP, Araraquara, São Paulo, Brazil.
Introduction: Azo dyes constitute the largest group of colorants used in industry,
and is currently considered a matter regarding the environmental and public health.
When launched in industrial effluents they could contaminate the environment,
since they are not degraded by conventional treatment processes. Objectives:
Compare the use of the photoelectrocatalysis with conventional chlorination as an
alternative method for the treatment of aqueous samples that contain mutagenic
azo dyes and evaluate their ecotoxic effects, using Disperse Red 1, Disperse Red 13
and Disperse Orange 1 as model. Methods: The dyes solutions were treated using
two techniques: The photoelectrocatalytic oxidation was performed in a photoelectrochemical
reactor equipped with water refrigeration using an ultra-thermostatic
bath and Ti/TiO2 thin film electrodes. Conventional chlorination was performed
with chlorine gas, simulating the drinking water production, according to the
Brazilian law. We evaluated the aquatic toxicity of the original and treated dyes
using Daphnia similis assay. The experiment was performed with 6 different doses
(0.001 to 10 mg/L) in 4 replicates. For each replicate five young organisms (6 – 24
h old) were exposed to the dyes for 48 h. After this period immobilized Daphnia
were counted. Results: The original dyes Disperse Red 1 and Disperse Red 13 had
EC50 values increased after treatments, going from 1.12mg/L before treatment of
the Disperse Red 1 to 5.34 mg/L after chlorination and 2.82mg/L after photoelectrocatalysis.
To the dye Disperse Red 13, EC50 values varied from 0.78mg/L before
treatment to 2.24mg/L after chlorination and 3.98mg/L after photoelectrocatalysis.
Disperse Orange 1 was not toxic to D. similis. Conclusion: Both chlorination and
photoelectrocatalysis should be used with caution for the treatment of effluents that
will be discharged into aquatic systems.
2410 MULTIPLE ANALYSES OF MEAT CONTENTS IN
CANNED DOG FOOD AND VEGAN BONE TREATS.
M. Hsieh 2 , C. Chou 1 , P. Shih 1 and H. Hsieh 2 . 1 Veterinary Medicine, National
Chung-Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan and 2 Graduate Institute of Microbiology
and Public Health, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan.
In human public health, consumers demand quality meat products that are honestly-labeled
to assure meat safety, fair pricing and to comply with religious regulations.
Such issues have been much less investigated for pet food products despite
fraudulent adulteration and substitution of meat species have been a suspicion. In
this study, 11 brands of internationally commercialized canine canned foods were
initially screened by ELISA and confirmed with nested-PCR and PCR coupled
with capillary gel electrophoresis-laser induced fluorescence (CGE-LIF) detection.
The canned foods were either labeled as cattle or chicken flavored while in fact their
contents contained two or more meat species including cattle, chicken, swine and
sheep. In addition, 6 artificial vegan bone treats manufactured in the USA, Canada
and Singapore were examined for the presence of any protein of animal origin. The
ELISA results showed that only 1 out of the 11 tested samples completely matched
the exact meat species stated on the label while the remaining samples contained 1
to 3 unmentioned species. In contrast, PCR results indicated that 5 of the 11 samples
matched the exact label. Overall, 5 brands contained 4 meat species while only
1 brand claimed so, mostly failing to indicate pig, followed by ovine species. On the
SOT 2011 ANNUAL MEETING 517