The Toxicologist - Society of Toxicology

need for a better understanding of the pathways through which these factors, mortality,
and lifespan are related at the community level, particularly in urban versus
rural settings. The resulting findings should provide policy makers at local, state,
and federal levels with more explicit and feasible targets for policy intervention at
the community level.
1568 FIELD INVESTIGATION AND RISK ASSESSMENT OF
FIVE CRUMB RUBBER ARTIFICIAL TURF FIELDS IN
CONNECTICUT.
G. L. Ginsberg 1 , B. Toal 1 , N. Simcox 2 , A. Bracker 2 and B. Golembiewski 3 .
1 Environmental & Occupational Health, Connecticut Department of Public Health,
Hartford, CT, 2 University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT and
3 Connecticut Department of Environmental Protection, Hartford, CT.
Questions have been raised about health risks when playing on artificial turf fields
cushioned with crumb rubber infill. Rubber is a mixture of volatile organic chemicals
(VOCs), semi-volatile organic chemicals (SVOCs) and metals. Some components
have toxic and carcinogenic properties. Exposure is possible, primarily via inhalation
as chemicals emitted from rubber can reach the breathing zone and players
have high ventilation rates. The Connecticut study involved laboratory offgas and
field sampling and human health risk assessment. Air sampling was performed at 1
indoor and 4 outdoor artificial turf fields under summer conditions in
Connecticut. On-field and background locations were sampled with stationary and
personal samplers. A total of 27 chemicals of potential concern (COPCs) were
found to be above background and possibly field-related. Lead was not elevated in
the plastic grass or crumb rubber. COPCs were entered into separate risk assessments
for outdoor and indoor fields and for children and adults. Inhalation rates
were adjusted for play activity and for children’s greater ventilation than adults.
Toxicity values (cancer unit risks, RfCs, acute targets) were taken from national
databases or derived by CTDPH. Field results indicated 10-20 times more rubberrelated
chemicals (naphthalenes, benzothiazole) in the indoor field compared to
outdoors. Chronic cancer and non-cancer risks were not elevated indoors or out.
The acute hazard index approached unity for children playing at the indoor field
causing uncertainty about the potential for irritant effects indoors. In conclusion,
this assessment did not find elevated health risks at the outdoor or indoor turf fields
tested. However, it would be prudent for indoor field operators to provide adequate
ventilation to prevent possible irritant effects from the buildup of rubber-related
VOCs and SVOCs at indoor fields.
1569 CRITICAL EVALUATION OF THE TOXICITY DATA FOR
SELECTED PHTHALATE ESTERS.
K. R. Carlson, D. J. Williams, C. A. Osterhout and M. A. Babich. U.S.
Consumer Product Safety Commission, Bethesda, MD.
Dialkyl phthalate esters (phthalates) are used as plasticizers in consumer and children’s
products made from polyvinyl chloride (PVC). Biomonitoring data show
that virtually all Americans are exposed to phthalates on a daily basis. The relative
contributions of different sources (i.e., food, water, air, dust, consumer products) of
phthalate exposures are not clear. The authors reviewed all available toxicity data for
six phthalate esters (butylbenzyl [BBP], dibutyl [DBP], di(2-ethylhexyl) [DEHP],
diisononyl [DINP], diisodecyl [DIDP], and di-n-octyl [DnOP]) as the first step of
a risk assessment. For each phthalate, acceptable daily intake (ADI) values were calculated
for all chronic toxicity endpoints resulting from oral exposures, provided
that sufficient data were available. Several phthalates were found to adversely affect
multiple organ and physiological systems including development and reproduction.
The lowest oral ADIs (effect in parentheses) calculated for each phthalate were:
0.0058 mg/kg-d (DEHP; testes), 0.12 mg/kg-d (DINP; liver), 0.15 mg/kg-d
(DIDP; liver), 0.2 mg/kg-d (DBP; reproductive), 0.37 mg/kg-d (DnOP; liver), and
1.0 mg/kg-d (BBP; liver). ADIs for developmental toxicity endpoints were: 0.011
mg/kg-d (DEHP), 0.4 mg/kg-d (DIDP), 0.5 mg/kg-d (DBP), 1.0 mg/kg-d
(DINP), and 0.7 mg/kg-d (BBP). There were insufficient data to derive a developmental
ADI for DnOP. ADIs were within the ranges of ADIs derived by other organizations.
Summary reports and ADIs for each phthalate were peer-reviewed by
independent experts. These ADIs can be used with exposure estimates to assess
human health risks from phthalates in consumer products. These materials were
prepared to assist a Chronic Hazard Advisory Panel (CHAP) convened by the
CPSC “to study the effects on children’s health of all phthalates and phthalate alternatives
as used in children’s toys and child care articles” (section 108 of the
Consumer Product Safety Improvement Act of 2008). *This work has not been reviewed
or approved by, and does not necessarily represent the views of, the
Commission.
1570 TOXICITY OF PARTICULATE MATTER FROM
AFGHANISTAN AND IRAQ IN A TWO-WEEK
INHALATION STUDY IN RATS.
B. A. Wong 1, 2 , K. C. Roberts 2 , C. U. Parkinson 2 , V. P. Mokashi 1 and P. A.
Ortiz 1 . 1 Naval Medical Research Unit - Dayton, Wright-Patterson AFB, OH and
2 The Hamner Institutes for Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC.
Personnel deployed in the Middle East may be exposed to particulate matter (PM)
from the surrounding environment. Some in vitro cell culture studies have indicated
differences in the potential toxicity of PM from various deployment locations
in the Middle East. PM from Iraq (Talil), as compared with PM from other locations
(Camp Victory), showed increased lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and decreased
production of MTT, indicators of cellular toxicity. To investigate this difference
in an in vivo model, an aerosol of PM from Afghanistan or Iraq was generated
and introduced into a whole body inhalation chamber. Sprague-Dawley rats were
exposed to Afghan or Iraq PM at 1 mg/m 3 or clean air for 20 h/d, 7 d/wk for 2
weeks. After the last exposure, one set of animals from each exposure group was
necropsied immediately and one set was held in clean air for a 3 week recovery period.
At necropsy, blood was taken for clinical chemistry and hematology, and
bronchial alveolar lavage (BAL) fluid was collected. Animals did not show significant
differences in group average body weights for the different PM. There were
statistically significant differences in clinical chemistry and hematology results;
however, there was no overall pattern to indicate organ damage or other biochemical
dysfunction. In addition, there was no significant difference in the LDH or total
protein concentrations in BAL fluid. Concentrations of inflammatory cytokines,
MIP-1α, IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α measured in BAL fluid were below limits of detection.
Finally, histopathology did not identify any PM in the lungs and there were
no findings that were considered to be induced by the test material. While in vitro
studies identified PM with potential toxicity, in vivo inhalation studies showed no
toxicity under the conditions of this study.
1571 TOXICITY OF EXCITATORY AMINO ACIDS IN RED
ALGAE FOR PARASITIC COPEPODES OF CULTURED
PUFFERFISH.
K. Yasui 1 and M. Asakawa 2 . 1 Graduate School of Biosphere Science, Hiroshima
University, Hiroshima Prefecture, Hiroshima Prefecture, Japan and 2 Graduate School
of Biosphere Science, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima, Hiroshima
Prefecture, Japan.
The tiger puffer Takifugu rubripes is an economically important fish, and is extensively
cultured in western Japan. In aquaculture industry, caligid copepods are well
known as pests causing heavy mortality or acting as disease inducers by creating a
portal for entry of bacteria or other pathogens. The caligid Pseudocaligus fugu is a
common ectoparasite of marine puffer fishes in Japan. Our a preliminary data show
that crude H 2 O extract of “kaininso”, or a red alga Digenea simplex showed effects
on the parasite. The behavior of P.fugu was observed under microscope to determine
its activity.The parasitic copepods clearly ceased swimming behaviors within
1 hr after it was immersed. Attempts were made to isolate the active aubstances
from specimens of a red alga, D. simplex (wet weight 430 g) from Ishigaki Island,
Okinawa Prefecture, in June, 2009. They were extracted with distilled water
overnight, and centrifuged. The supernatant through a Spectra/Por 3 dialysis membrane,
was added to the activated charcoal, and active component adsorbed were
eluted with acidic methanol. The eluate was chromatographed on a ODS
prepacked column with 1% acetic acid in 10% aqueous acetonitrile as a mobile
phase. The fraction thus obtained were concentrated and chromatographed on Bio-
Gel P-2 column with 0.03M acetic acid. Fractions of 5 mL were collected at a flow
rate of 1.0 mL/min. Each fraction was analyzed by high-performance liquid chromatography
(HPLC) using a Lichrospher 100 RP-18(e) column (Merck) with
0.1% trifluoroacetic acid in 10% aqueous acetonitrile as a mobile phase. Fractions
from the column were monitored at 242 nm. A major active substance to the parasitic
copepodes of cultured pufferfish found in fractions 12-19 were identified as
kainic acid from the results of TLC, LC-MS and NMR spectral analysis.
1572 RESULTS OF A ONE-YEAR FISH CONSUMPTION
SURVEY IN ALABAMA.
E. S. Ebert 1 , N. Wilson 2 , M. Wacksman 1 , A. Fowler 3 , J. Schell 4 and J. Loper 5 .
1 ARCADIS, Portland, ME, 2 ARCADIS, Brighton, MI, 3 ARCADIS, Beverly, MA,
4 Entrix, Houston, TX and 5 The Loper Group, Seabrook, TX.
To support a human health risk assessment for Choccolocco Creek in Alabama, a
one-year intercept survey was conducted. The survey collected information about
the extent of usage, locations fished, species and sizes of fish harvested for consumption,
methods used to prepare and cook them, rates at which they were consumed,
and demographic characteristics of the user population. The survey was
SOT 2011 ANNUAL MEETING 337