Site selection and carrying capacity in Mediterranean ... - FAO Sipam

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18 18 GFCM:XXXV/2011/Dma.9 3. Herbivory by waterfowl, urchins, and fish, which is assumed to intensify as a result of anthropogenic pressures, such as the presence of sewage discharges (Jupp 1977). 4. Introduced species, such as Caulerpa racemosa and C. taxifolia, which colonize the seagrass meadows and have shown extraordinary rapid expansion (Boudouresque et al. 2006), especially when the P. oceanica beds are already stressed, thereby placing large areas of the habitat at great risk. Colonization of the alien algae is facilitated through transport by fishing and recreational vessels and commercial ships. 5. Dredging and coastal works, such as construction of harbours (Leriche at al. 2006) or coastal protection works (Gongora-Golzalez et al. 1996 in Boudouresque et al. 2006), artificial beach replenishment (González-Correa et al. 2008, 2009). 6. Destructive fishing activities, such as trawling, which is detrimental to various benthic habitats (Kaiser et al. 2006) have been shown to affect P. oceanica beds (Martin et al. 1997; Boudouresque et al. 2006 and references therein). It may take more that 100 years for the recovery of a P. oceanica bed after severe degradation due to intense trawling (González-Correa et al. 2005). 7. Anchoring by pleasure boats (Ceccherelli et al. 2007; Montefalcone et al. 2008), may cause direct mechanical damage to P. oceanica beds. Besides the overall loss of habitat area, there are potential effects of habitat fragmentation resulting from such disturbance (Kaiser et al. 2005), besides potential effects on species associated with the habitat and requiring a large territory. 8. Use of explosives either for military purposes or for (illegal) fishing causes total removal of seagrass and the resulting “dead zone” remains uncolonized for decades (Boudouresque et al. 2006). 9. Coastal salinity changes resulting from altered water flow for irrigation. Diversions of rivers (e.g Ebro in Spain, Nile in Egypt, and Acheloos in Greece) and hydroelectric dams reduce freshwater input to coastal ecosystems usually for the benefit of agriculture or to support the increasing freshwater demands of large cities. 10. Pulsed turbidity exacerbated by erosion due to poor land management (Orth et al. 2006). This situation is not unusual in the Mediterranean where desertification is triggered by climatic variability and demographic disequilibrium, both of which directly and indirectly affect water budgets and land degradation through associated changes in land use patterns (Puigdefábregas & Mendizabal 1998). The recovery time of P. oceanica meadows when damaged may be very long, sometimes of the order of centuries, and losses of this species are thus considered to be irreversible at managerial time scales. The good water quality required by Posidonia makes this habitat “ideal” for fish farming and therefore there are fears that a large proportion of fish farming activity is sited above such meadows, despite existing regulations for the conservation of this seagrass in most Mediterranean countries. Research results from the last few years have provided information on the mechanisms of environmental deterioration related to the loss of P. oceanica habitat and of the spatiotemporal scales of the processes involved. Findings include severe degradation or disappearance of P. oceanica meadows in the vicinity of fish farms in the western Mediterranean (Pergent-Martini et al. 2006), changes in the flavonoid content possibly due to high grazing pressure (Cannac et al. 2006) and reduction in vertical rhizome growth of P. oceanica (Marba et al. 2006). Epiphyte assemblages of the leaves and rhizomes of P. oceanica located close to fish farms have shown different patterns of composition and abundance in comparison to those at reference sites (Balata et al. 2008). Decreased meadow density was recorded in the vicinity of fish farms in Croatia (Kruzic 2008), and high shoot mortality rates were noted in the vicinity of fish farms (ca 20 times higher than at the control sites) in Spain, Italy, Greece and Cyprus (Diaz-Almela et al. 2008).
19 GFCM:XXXV/2011/Dma.9 Table 2 - Sensitivity of key Mediterranean habitats and species to aquaculture pressures (modified from Huntington et al 2006). Habitat species Pressure category Smothering Turbidity Dissolved 02 Nutrients Change in coastal processes Reefs: Polychaete Worm Communities 3 1 3 ? 1 3 ? ? Seagrass Beds on Sub littoral Sediments 3 2 3 3 3 1 3 3 Sandbanks, Mudflats & Sandflats 3 2 3 3 1 3 3 3 1 3 1 Maerl Beds 3 2 3 3 2 3 ? 3 Kelp and Seaweed Communities 3 3 3 3 2 ? 3 Saltmarsh Communities 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 1 3 ? Sand Dune Communities 2 2 2 2 2 1 Shingle Communities 1 2 2 2 1 ? Cetaceans 2 3 2 Pinnipeds 2 1 2 Fish 1 1 1 1 3 3 1 3 Birds 3 2 3 3 1 1 2 3 19 Infrastructure impacts Visual land & seascape modification Sensitivity Key : High Moderate Low Negligible Uncertain 3 2 1 0 ? Disturbance Predator control Chemicals Pathogen transmission Inter-breeding with wild organisms Introduction of alien spp Indirect ecosystem pressures
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69 GFCM:XXXV/2011/Dma.9 Beveridge,
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77 GFCM:XXXV/2011/Dma.9 EGYPT Egypt
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91 GFCM:XXXV/2011/Dma.9 8. Procedur
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93 GFCM:XXXV/2011/Dma.9 In this sce
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95 GFCM:XXXV/2011/Dma.9 In the past
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97 GFCM:XXXV/2011/Dma.9 The present
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99 GFCM:XXXV/2011/Dma.9 Lack of con
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101 GFCM:XXXV/2011/Dma.9 Figure 6 -
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111 GFCM:XXXV/2011/Dma.9 Morocco, T
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113 GFCM:XXXV/2011/Dma.9 3. aquacul
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115 context, economic economic poli
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117 GFCM:XXXV/2011/Dma.9 Figure 15
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119 GFCM:XXXV/2011/Dma.9 when bad w
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121 Figure 17 - Standards for carry
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Assuring appropriate and responsibl
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131 GFCM:XXXV/2011/Dma.9 Based on t
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135 GFCM:XXXV/2011/Dma.9 Bermúdez,
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143 GFCM:XXXV/2011/Dma.9 143 ANNEX
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145 GFCM:XXXV/2011/Dma.9 The collec
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147 GFCM:XXXV/2011/Dma.9 C. Social
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149 GFCM:XXXV/2011/Dma.9 F. The Ada
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151 GFCM:XXXV/2011/Dma.9 Principle
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155 GFCM:XXXV/2011/Dma.9 Guidelines
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167 GFCM:XXXV/2011/Dma.9 Mesnage V.
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