Site selection and carrying capacity in Mediterranean ... - FAO Sipam

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46 GFCM:XXXV/2011/Dma.9 Algal growth bioassay This is an innovative method that enables assessment of the flux of dissolved inorganic nutrients released from fish farms (and their potential to cause eutrophication) without actually measuring nutrient levels. The rationale for the use of this method is that nutrient levels vary considerably in waters around aquaculture sites over a diel cycle, but they are traditionally measured at only one point in time. The solution to this is the use of a method developed by Dalsgaard and Krause-Jensen (2006) that integrates the flux of nutrients released from aquaculture by examining changes in phytoplankton or macroalgal biomass over time. The algae are suspended in the upper layer of the water column (where there is sufficient light) within diffusion chambers at varying distances from an aquaculture site for a period of 3 – 6 days, and are harvested and analysed at the end of the incubation period. Time required: 1 day to set up the experiment, 1 day to dismantle it, 2 days to process the samples, assuming that the change in algal biomass is based on the determination of the level of chlorophyll a. Necessary equipment and infrastructure: boat equipped with GPS, mooring and floatation system for the bioassay experiment, diffusion chambers. Level of expertise required: minimal expertise is needed to set up and dismantle the experiment; experience with chlorophyll a extraction and fluorometric measurement. References Angel DL, Krost P, Silvert W (1998) Describing benthic impacts of fish farming with fuzzy sets: Theoretical background and analytic methods. J Appl Icthyol 14:1-8 Aspila KI, Agemain H, Chau A (1976) A semi-automated method for the determination of inorganic, organic and total phosphorus in sediments. Analyst, 101:187-197. Bågander LE (1978) An evaluation of the use of redox measurements for characterizing recent sediments. Estuar. Coast. Shelf Sci 6:127-134 Borja A, Franco J, Perez V (2000) A marine biotic index to establish the ecological quality of softbottom benthos within European estuarine and coastal environments. Marine Pollution Bulletin 40:1100–1114 GESAMP (1996) Monitoring the ecological effects of coastal aquaculture wastes. Rep. Stud GESAMP, 57, Rome. Cole GA (1994) Textbook of Limnology. 4th ed. Prospect Heights: Waveland Press Inc. Grasshoff K, Kremling K, Ehrhardt M (eds.) (1999) Methods of seawater analysis. VCH, Weinheim, New York Crawford C, Mitchell I, MacLeod C (2001) Video assessment of environmental impacts of salmon farms, J Mar Sci 58:445-452 Dalsgaard T, Krause-Jensen D (2006) Monitoring nutrient release from fish farms with macroalgal and phytoplankton bioassays. Aquaculture 256:302–310 Hargrave BT (1994) Modeling benthic impacts of organic enrichment from marine aquaculture. Can. Tech. Rep. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 1949: xi + 125 p. Hinchey EK, Schaffner LC (2005) An evaluation of electrode insertion techniques for measurement of sediment redox potential in estuarine sediments. Chemosphere 59:703-710 Heinig CS (2000) Overview of Maine Department of Marine Resources Finfish Aquaculture Program: Eight Years of Monitoring, 1992-99. Prepared for Maine Department of Marine Resources Heiri O, Lotter AF, Lemcke G (2001) Loss on ignition as a method for estimating organic and carbonate content in sediments: reproducibility and comparability of results. J Paleolimnol 25: 101–110 Holme NA, McIntyre A (1984) Methods for the study of marine benthos. IBP Handbook, 16. Second edition. Oxford. 387 pp. 46
47 GFCM:XXXV/2011/Dma.9 Hyland J, Balthis L, Karakassis I, Magni P, Petrov A, Shine J, Vestergaard O, Warwick R (2005) Organic carbon content of sediments as an indicator of stress in the marine benthos. Marine Ecology Progress Series 295: 91-103 ICES (2004) Chemical measurements in the Baltic Sea: Guidelines on quality assurance. Ed. E. Lysiak-Pastuszak and M. Krysell. ICES Techniques in Marine Environmental Sciences, No. 35. 149 pp. Kirkwood D (1994) Nutrients: Practical notes on their determination in seawater. In ICES/HELCOM Workshop on Quality Assurance of Chemical Analytical Procedures for the Baltic Monitoring Programme. Ed. by G. Topping and U. Harms. Baltic Sea Environment Proceedings No. 58:23– 47 Kristensen E (1990) Characterization of biogenic organic matter by stepwise thermogravimetry (STG). Biogeochemistry 9:135–159 Leong LS, Tanner PA (1999) Comparison of methods for determination of organic carbon in marine sediment. Mar. Pollut. Bull 38: 875-879 Loh PS, Miller AEJ, Reeves AD, Harvey SM, Overnell J (2008) Assessing the biodegradability of terrestrially-derived organic matter in Scottish sea loch sediments. Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci. Discuss. 12: 811-823 Pearson TH, Stanley SO (1979) The comparative measurement of the redox potential of marine sediments as a rapid means of assessing the effect of organic pollution. Mar. Biol. 53: 371–379 Poppe LJ, Eliason AH, Fredericks JJ , Rendigs RR, Blackwood D, Polloni CF (2000) Grain-size analysis of marine sediments: methodology and data processing. U.S. Geological Survey Ritz DA, Lewis ME, Shen M (1989) Response to organic enrichment of infaunal macrobenthic communities under salmonid seacages. Mar. Biol. 103: 211–214. Rosie AJ, Singleton PTR (2002) Discharge consents in Scotland. Pest Management Science 58:616- 621. Sutherland RA (1998) Loss-on-ignition estimates of organic matter and relationships to organic carbon in fluvial bed sediments. Hydrobiologia 389: 153-167 Strickland J, Parsons T (1972) A practical handbook of seawater analysis. Bulletin 167 Fisheries Research Board of Canada, Ottawa 47
Page 1 and 2: March 2011 GFCM:XXXV/2011/Dma.9 GEN
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Page 23 and 24: 23 23 GFCM:XXXV/2011/Dma.9 farming
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Page 27 and 28: 27 27 GFCM:XXXV/2011/Dma.9 o MedVeg
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Page 33 and 34: 33 33 GFCM:XXXV/2011/Dma.9 Leriche
Page 35 and 36: 35 35 GFCM:XXXV/2011/Dma.9 Pujalte
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Page 43 and 44: Table 3 - Aspects of environmental
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Page 95 and 96: 95 GFCM:XXXV/2011/Dma.9 In the past
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97 GFCM:XXXV/2011/Dma.9 The present
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99 GFCM:XXXV/2011/Dma.9 Lack of con
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101 GFCM:XXXV/2011/Dma.9 Figure 6 -
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103 GFCM:XXXV/2011/Dma.9 Figure 7 -
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105 Figure 8 - Licensing procedure
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107 GFCM:XXXV/2011/Dma.9 Box 3 - Li
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109 GFCM:XXXV/2011/Dma.9 through nu
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111 GFCM:XXXV/2011/Dma.9 Morocco, T
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113 GFCM:XXXV/2011/Dma.9 3. aquacul
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115 context, economic economic poli
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117 GFCM:XXXV/2011/Dma.9 Figure 15
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119 GFCM:XXXV/2011/Dma.9 when bad w
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121 Figure 17 - Standards for carry
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123 GFCM:XXXV/2011/Dma.9 Currently,
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125 GFCM:XXXV/2011/Dma.9 environmen
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127 GFCM:XXXV/2011/Dma.9 recommenda
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Assuring appropriate and responsibl
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131 GFCM:XXXV/2011/Dma.9 Based on t
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133 GFCM:XXXV/2011/Dma.9 13. Aquacu
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135 GFCM:XXXV/2011/Dma.9 Bermúdez,
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137 GFCM:XXXV/2011/Dma.9 Participan
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139 GFCM:XXXV/2011/Dma.9 Rosa CHAPE
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141 GFCM:XXXV/2011/Dma.9 Spyros KLA
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143 GFCM:XXXV/2011/Dma.9 143 ANNEX
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145 GFCM:XXXV/2011/Dma.9 The collec
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147 GFCM:XXXV/2011/Dma.9 C. Social
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149 GFCM:XXXV/2011/Dma.9 F. The Ada
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151 GFCM:XXXV/2011/Dma.9 Principle
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153 GFCM:XXXV/2011/Dma.9 Common ad
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155 GFCM:XXXV/2011/Dma.9 Guidelines
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157 GFCM:XXXV/2011/Dma.9 taking int
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159 GFCM:XXXV/2011/Dma.9 sampling t
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161 GFCM:XXXV/2011/Dma.9 Introducti
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163 GFCM:XXXV/2011/Dma.9 Internatio
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165 GFCM:XXXV/2011/Dma.9 Acta Adria
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167 GFCM:XXXV/2011/Dma.9 Mesnage V.
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169 GFCM:XXXV/2011/Dma.9 119 Cook E
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171 GFCM:XXXV/2011/Dma.9 155 Lampad
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173 GFCM:XXXV/2011/Dma.9 190 Bartol
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175 GFCM:XXXV/2011/Dma.9 western Me
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177 GFCM:XXXV/2011/Dma.9 Mediterr 6
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179 GFCM:XXXV/2011/Dma.9 4. What is
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