Site selection and carrying capacity in Mediterranean ... - FAO Sipam

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28 28 GFCM:XXXV/2011/Dma.9 i) Initiatives in the framework of particular Mediterranean countries to determine holding/carrying capacity by adapting production levels to the environmental attributes of the receiving environment. Such initiatives, which exist in Greece and Cyprus, use evaluation panels of international experts. j) WGEIM is an ICES working group on environmental interactions of mariculture (http://www.ices.dk/iceswork/wgdetail.asp?wg=WGEIM). Although not focused on Mediterranean issues, this working group is one of the oldest initiatives addressing the environmental impacts of aquaculture and has gone into considerable detail and adopted a systematic approach mainly for the salmonid farming industry. k) Other relevant projects include CANO CArrying capacity in NOrwegian aquaculture (http://www.imr.no/cano/) which addresses questions that are of high relevance to aquaculture in the Mediterranean, while the methodology used and problems encountered should be taken into account for planning similar surveys in the Mediterranean. Finally, a relevant and important document is the one produced by IUCN titled ‘The IUCN guide for the sustainable development of Mediterranean aquaculture: aquaculture site selection and site management.’ 5 This document is reproduced in the present report as Appendix 2. 2.7 List of key works on aquaculture-environment interactions from the Mediterranean During the past 13 years there has been a spectacular increase in the number and quality of published research results concerning aquaculture-environment interactions. A list of key works dealing with aspects of aquaculture-environment interactions is given in Appendix 3. Since a substantial amount of information is available, the focus of the list is on articles published in peer reviewed journals and does not include other unpublished works such as abstracts, reports and grey literature. It has been just over 5 years since the report by Soto & Crosetti (2005) was published, which includes a list of references to works on Mediterranean aquaculture and the environment yet, in the meantime, there have been no less than 80 new papers published on the subject i.e. 29 in 2006, 35 in 2007, 20 in 2008, 26 in 2009, and 24 in 2010. Amongst the 281 scientific articles (Appendix 3), 234 focus on fish farming (10 of which focus on tuna farming) and 45 on shellfish or invertebrates (particularly oysters and mussels). Most of the papers (>200) are related to aspects of the benthic environment and processes - typically geochemical variables and macrofauna or meiofauna - but several articles (>50) also deal with nutrients and/or plankton, effects on Posidonia oceanica meadows (>30) and interactions with wild fish (30). The frequency of publications on the latter two aspects has been relatively higher compared to previous years. Some of the works listed in Appendix 3 have used recently developed techniques (bioassays, stable isotopes) or other specialised tools (meta-analysis etc) to address specific questions regarding different processes or different scales or to propose new monitoring methods. Issues such as recovery following cessation of fish farming, mitigation techniques, effects of offshore aquaculture, as well as some of the models developed, are probably of global interest since they are among the very first works to be published on such topics. 5 IUCN 2009. Guide for the sustainable development of Mediterranean aquaculture.n.2 Aquaculture site selection and site management. Gland, Switzerland and Malaga, Spain: IUCN, VIII+303p 5
29 29 GFCM:XXXV/2011/Dma.9 In conclusion, the corpus of knowledge accumulated during the past few years on aquaculture-environment interactions in the Mediterranean is quite substantial and may be used as basis for establishing good practice principles and for adopting common standards for environmental sustainability. References Aguado-Giménez F, García-García B, Hernández-Lorente MD, Cerezo-Valverde J (2006) Gross metabolic waste output estimates using a nutritional approach in Atlantic bluefin tuna (Thunnus thynnus) under intensive fattening conditions in western Mediterranean Sea. Aquacult. Res, 37:1254-1258 Agustí S, Duarte CM (2000) Strong seasonality in phytoplankton cell lysis in the NW Mediterranean littoral. Limnol. Oceanogr, 45:940-947. Alcoverro T, Cerbian E, Ballesteros E (2001) The photosynthetic capacity of the seagrass Posidonia oceanica: Influence of nitrogen and light. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology, 261: 107-120 Angel DL, Krost P, Gordin H (1995) Benthic implications of net cage aquaculture in the oligotrophic Gulf of Aqaba. European Aquaculture Society 25:129-173 Apostolaki E, Tsagaraki T, Tsapakis M, Karakassis I (2007) Fish farming impact on sediments and macrofauna associated with seagrass meadows in the Mediterranean. Estuarine coastal shelf Science, 75:408-416 Apostolaki ET, Marba N, Holmer M, Karakassis I (2009) Fish farming enhances mass and nutrient loss in Posidonia oceanica. Estuarine coastal shelf Science 81:390-400 Apostolaki ET, Marba N, Holmer M, Karakassis I (2010) Metabolic imbalance in coastal vegetated (Posidonia oceanica) and unvegetated benthic ecosystems. Ecosystems 13: 459-471. Balata D, Bertocci I, Piazzi L, Nesti U (2008) Comparison between epiphyte assemblages of leaves and rhizomes of the seagrass Posidonia oceanica subjected to different levels of anthropogenic eutrophication. Estuar. Coast. Shelf Sci 79:533-540 Barbera C, Bordehore C, Borg JA, Glémarec M, Grall J, Hall-Spencer JM, De La Huz CD, Lanfranco E, Lastra M, Moore PG, Mora J, Pita ME, Ramos-Esplá AA, Rizzo, M, Sánchez-Mata A, Seva A, Schembri PJ, Valle, C (2003) Conservation and management of northeast Atlantic and Mediterranean maerl beds. Aquatic Conservation: Marine and Freshwater Ecosystems 13 (SUPPL. 1):S65-S76 Bax N, Carlton JT, Mathews-Amos A, Haedrich RL, Howarth FG, Purcell JE, Rieser A, Gray A (2001) The control of biological invasions in the world's oceans. Conserv. Biol 15:1234-1246 Bosence D, Wilson J (2003) Maerl growth, carbonate production rates and accumulation rates in the northeast Atlantic. Aquatic Conservation: Marine and Freshwater Ecosystems 13 (SUPPL. 1), pp. S21-S31. Boudouresque CF, Bernard G, Bonhomme P, Charbonnel E, Diviacco G, Meinesz A, Pergent G, Pergent-Martini C, Ruitton S, Tunesi L (2006) Préservation et conservation des herbiers à Posidonia oceanica. RAMOGE pub. : 1-202 (www.ramoge.org/filesfr/guideposidonie/posidonia_Ramoge.pdf) Breuil G, Mouchel O, Fauvel C, Pepin JF (2001) Sea bass Dicentrarchus labrax nervous necrosis virus isolates with distinct pathogenicity to sea bass larvae. Diseases Aquat Organisms 45:25-31 Brown JR, Gowen RJ, McLusky DS (1987) The effect of salmon farming on the benthos of a Scottish sea loch. J. Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol 109:39-51.
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