Site selection and carrying capacity in Mediterranean ... - FAO Sipam

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50 GFCM:XXXV/2011/Dma.9 Table 4 - Values of benthic components for identifying cautionary and critical conditions of fish farm environments (After Yokoyama et al. 2004) Benthic components Cautionary condition Critical condition Sediment Total organic carbon (mg g -1 dry) >20 >30 Total nitrogen (mg g -1 dry) >2.5 >4 Total phosphorus (mg g -1 dry) >4 >6 Chemical oxygen demand (mg g -1 dry) >30 >75 Acid-volatile sulphide (mg g -1 dry) >0.5 >1.5 Macrobenthos Biomass a (g m -2 )
51 GFCM:XXXV/2011/Dma.9 The complex dynamics of nutrient dispersion and uptake, and the bottom up and top down control and co-limitation of primary productivity by various trace elements make it difficult to establish nutrient levels as ‘safe’ or ‘critical’ in the vicinity of fish farms. However, the UK ‘Comprehensive Studies Task Team’ on coastal eutrophication (CSTT 1997) has recommended EQSs for winter nutrients Scottish lochs; these are 168 µg l -1 for dissolved inorganic Nitrogen (DIN) and 62 µg l -1 for dissolved available inorganic phosphorus (DIP). Although in some sheltered areas of the Western Mediterranean these values may be approached at sampling stations close to fish farms (Pitta et al 2006), the recorded background levels in most typical (semi-exposed or even moderately sheltered) sites in the Mediterranean are 50% lower than these EQSs (Pitta et al. 1999, 2005). Table 5 - Sediment quality criteria in Scotland: action levels within and outside the Allowable Zone of Effects (AZE), modified from Henderson & Davies (2000) Component Determinant Action level within AZE Action level outside AZE Benthos Number of taxa Less than two polychaete taxa present (sample replicates bulked) Benthos Number of taxa Two or more replicate samples with no taxa present Benthos Abundance Organic enrichment polychaetes present in abnormally high densities Benthos Shannon-Wiener diversity index Benthos Infaunal trophic index (ITI) 51 Must be at least 50% of reference station value Organic enrichment polychaetes must not exceed 200% of reference station value N/A Must be at least 60% of reference station value N/A Must be at least 50% of reference station value Sea bed Beggiatoa N/A Mats present Sea bed Feed pellets Accumulations of pellets Pellets present Sediment Copper 289 mg kg -1 (dry wt) Sediment Zinc 169 mg kg -1 (dry wt) Sediment Free sulphide 4800 mg kg -1 (dry wt) 3200 mg kg -1 (dry wt) Sediment Organic carbon 9% Sediment Redox potential Values lower than -150mV (as a depth average profile OR Values lower than -125mV (in surface sediments 0-3 cm) Sediment Loss on ignition 27% The CSTT (1997) group has also suggested a critical value of 10 µg l -1 for Chlorophyll a in water, assuming that above this level there is a high risk for phytoplankton sedimentation to cause sediment anoxia. These values are quite difficult to find in most typical Mediterranean mariculture sites but, nonetheless, this EQS value is a useful stimulus for research on the potential impact of eutrophication, even if in extreme cases. The fact that the water quality standards proposed for Scotland are currently quite high in comparison to what has been measured in the Mediterranean does one necessarily mean that the water quality is not a relevant issue. The concentration of fish farms in specific zones dedicated for aquaculture, and/or the increase in production levels to achieve an economy of scale, might lead to an increase in levels to ones that are much higher than present day ones. To this end, the establishment of efficient and long term monitoring programs in areas with an increasing concentration of fish farms and/or increased aquaculture production will allow collection of data on dose-response that will be useful for the assessment of the ultimate ecological thresholds is such a scenario. Very large scale production e.g. aquaculture parks (such as the ‘polygonos’ in Spain) with high farm densities may increase the potential for eutrophication. The Phytoplankton Community
Page 1 and 2: March 2011 GFCM:XXXV/2011/Dma.9 GEN
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Page 91 and 92: 91 GFCM:XXXV/2011/Dma.9 8. Procedur
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Page 95 and 96: 95 GFCM:XXXV/2011/Dma.9 In the past
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101 GFCM:XXXV/2011/Dma.9 Figure 6 -
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103 GFCM:XXXV/2011/Dma.9 Figure 7 -
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105 Figure 8 - Licensing procedure
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107 GFCM:XXXV/2011/Dma.9 Box 3 - Li
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109 GFCM:XXXV/2011/Dma.9 through nu
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111 GFCM:XXXV/2011/Dma.9 Morocco, T
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113 GFCM:XXXV/2011/Dma.9 3. aquacul
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115 context, economic economic poli
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117 GFCM:XXXV/2011/Dma.9 Figure 15
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119 GFCM:XXXV/2011/Dma.9 when bad w
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121 Figure 17 - Standards for carry
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123 GFCM:XXXV/2011/Dma.9 Currently,
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125 GFCM:XXXV/2011/Dma.9 environmen
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127 GFCM:XXXV/2011/Dma.9 recommenda
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Assuring appropriate and responsibl
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131 GFCM:XXXV/2011/Dma.9 Based on t
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133 GFCM:XXXV/2011/Dma.9 13. Aquacu
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135 GFCM:XXXV/2011/Dma.9 Bermúdez,
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139 GFCM:XXXV/2011/Dma.9 Rosa CHAPE
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141 GFCM:XXXV/2011/Dma.9 Spyros KLA
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143 GFCM:XXXV/2011/Dma.9 143 ANNEX
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145 GFCM:XXXV/2011/Dma.9 The collec
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147 GFCM:XXXV/2011/Dma.9 C. Social
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149 GFCM:XXXV/2011/Dma.9 F. The Ada
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151 GFCM:XXXV/2011/Dma.9 Principle
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153 GFCM:XXXV/2011/Dma.9 Common ad
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155 GFCM:XXXV/2011/Dma.9 Guidelines
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157 GFCM:XXXV/2011/Dma.9 taking int
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159 GFCM:XXXV/2011/Dma.9 sampling t
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161 GFCM:XXXV/2011/Dma.9 Introducti
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163 GFCM:XXXV/2011/Dma.9 Internatio
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165 GFCM:XXXV/2011/Dma.9 Acta Adria
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167 GFCM:XXXV/2011/Dma.9 Mesnage V.
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169 GFCM:XXXV/2011/Dma.9 119 Cook E
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171 GFCM:XXXV/2011/Dma.9 155 Lampad
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173 GFCM:XXXV/2011/Dma.9 190 Bartol
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175 GFCM:XXXV/2011/Dma.9 western Me
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177 GFCM:XXXV/2011/Dma.9 Mediterr 6
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179 GFCM:XXXV/2011/Dma.9 4. What is
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