Site selection and carrying capacity in Mediterranean ... - FAO Sipam

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4 GFCM:XXXV/2011/Dma.9 6.2 Stakeholder interaction scales and locations ............................................................................... 72 6.3 Stakeholder interactions and their management – selected review ...................................... 74 6.4 Synthesis and Conclusions .......................................................................................................... 77 7. Economic bottlenecks......................................................................................................................... 80 7.1 Bottlenecks related to site selection and licensing ...................................................................... 81 7.2 Bottlenecks related to market issues............................................................................................ 83 7.2.1 Institutional support for market stability .............................................................................. 83 7.2.2 Lack of diversification in cultured finfish ............................................................................ 83 7.2.3 Consumer perceptions and acceptance of aquaculture products .......................................... 84 7.2.4 Bottlenecks that are related to spillovers that have social or environmental costs ............... 84 7.5 Synthesis and conclusion............................................................................................................. 87 8. Procedures for site selection, regulatory schemes and EIA procedures in the Mediterranean ........... 91 8.1 Introduction ................................................................................................................................. 91 8.1.1 Mediterranean aquaculture ................................................................................................... 91 8.2 Aquaculture policies and legal frameworks in the mediterranean .............................................. 98 8.2.2 The legal framework for aquaculture ................................................................................... 99 8.3 Licensing procedures for aquaculture ....................................................................................... 102 8.3.1 General principles governing the exercise of authority to issue a licence .......................... 102 8.3.2 Authorities involved in the licensing procedure ................................................................. 104 8.3.3 Obtaining an aquaculture license: duration of the administrative procedure ..................... 109 8.3.4 Validity of the aquaculture license ..................................................................................... 111 8.3.5 Assessment reports ............................................................................................................. 113 8.3.6 Environmental requirements .............................................................................................. 113 8.4 Aquaculture planning ................................................................................................................ 114 8.4.1 Scientific basis for site selection: carrying/holding capacity ............................................. 120 8.4.2 Environmental criteria for site selection: eia and monitoring ............................................ 122 8.4.3 Main gaps in mediterranean legal frameworks for aquaculture ......................................... 125 8.5 Recommendations ..................................................................................................................... 126 ANNEX 1 - Participants to the SHoCMed meetings ....................................................................... 137 ANNEX 2 - The IUCN guide for the sustainable development of Mediterranean aquaculture: aquaculture site selection and site management .............................................................................. 143 ANNEX 3 - List of key works on aquaculture-environment interactions from the Mediterranean162 ANNEX 4 - Questionnaire used in the surveys on aquaculture legal issues (see Chapter 8) ....... 178
5 GFCM:XXXV/2011/Dma.9 1. Introduction and background to the SHoCMed project By Fabio Massa, Donatella Crosetti and Joseph A. Borg 1.1 Sustainable development of aquaculture in the Mediterranean: site selection for aquaculture Aquaculture in the Mediterranean, as in the rest of the world, plays an important role in enhancing the regional fish production, and in meeting rising demand for fishery product, and will continue to be a very important activity in the foreseeable future. The General Fishery Commission for the Mediterranean (GFCM) has, on many occasions, stressed the increasing importance of the Aquaculture sector. Accordingly, in 1995, the GFCM established a Committee on Aquaculture (CAQ) to promote the sustainable development and responsible management of marine and brackish-water aquaculture in the region. During the last few decades, aquaculture production in the Mediterranean and Black Sea, in particular production of finfish, has shown a trend of increase, mainly resulting from technological developments for the two finfish species European sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax) and gilthead sea bream (Sparus aurata). The expansion of aquaculture in the Mediterranean has, however, brought with it several environmental and socio-economic issues, which influence the sustainability of the sector and risk compromising its further development. Aquaculture in the Mediterranean is already facing difficulties that concern, among other aspects, its introduction and integration in coastal areas. Several past projects, also undertaken in the Mediterranean Sea, have focussed on a technical approach to aquaculture sustainability, in particular a biological approach to understanding environmentaquaculture interactions that comprise issues related to carrying capacity and the development of environmental impact assessment (EIA) procedures. However it is widely recognised that this knowledge needs to be reintegrated into the wider context of viability and sustainability of aquaculture within integrated coastal zone management schemes (ICZM). This is of utmost importance in the Mediterranean region where the coastal zone is highly populated and supports multiple uses, which in places are also conflicting. Moreover increasing pressure on the coastal zone implies difficult societal choices and development of specific decision-making schemes related to territorial management of activities and competing uses. In particular, there is a great opportunity to enhance fish cage farming and aquaculture development in the Mediterranean region, where the activity represents the sector with the fastest growth. However, some of the most relevant bottlenecks are the siting of fish farms and the conflicts that are appearing in several countries where other sectors, such as tourism, are displacing cage farming out of some areas or resulting in translocation of the activity further offshore or, where not yet established, are simply not accepted for lack of availability of proper criteria to identify suitable areas. Criteria are needed for enhancing the integration of aquaculture into coastal zone management, by improving site selection and holding capacity benchmarks and reference points. Criteria are also needed for the harmonisation of standards, aquaculture policies and legal frameworks across the Mediterranean region to ensure equal terms of competition and minimal environmental impact. 1.2 Background In the GFCM region, increased interest has been shown on aquaculture sustainability in its four dimensions; governance, economics, social and environmental. In 2005, an expert meeting on the reestablishment of the Network on Environment and Aquaculture in the Mediterranean (EAM) was held in the framework of the GFCM Committee on Aquaculture (CAQ). This expert meeting was focussed on environment-aquaculture interactions and highlighted the related crucial issues that should be addressed, such as the necessity of better integration of aquaculture within integrated coastal zone management, and of an improved public image of aquaculture with respect to both consumer and
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143 GFCM:XXXV/2011/Dma.9 143 ANNEX
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147 GFCM:XXXV/2011/Dma.9 C. Social
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