Site selection and carrying capacity in Mediterranean ... - FAO Sipam

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44 GFCM:XXXV/2011/Dma.9 44 er to laser diffraction system. fauna.
March 2011 GFCM:XXXV/2011/Dma.9 Secchi disk depth This is a simple and quick method used to assess water clarity (or inversely, water turbidity). In practice, it is used to measure how deep a person can see into the water (Cole 1994). A more accurate measurement of underwater irradiance can be made by means of a photometer, but this is often unnecessary. Vertical light penetration, as measured by a Secchi disk, may also provide a rough estimate of phytoplankton biomass in areas where Secchi depth is measured on a routine basis. Indeed, the greatest value of Secchi disk measurements is obtained when readings at each station are recorded and compared over time. Several factors are involved in determination of the depth value, including the viewer’s eyesight (it is best if the same person determines Secchi depth), time of day the readings are taken (the preferred time is midday, or around 10:00 and 14:00), reflectance of the disk, colour of the water, amount of clay particles or other materials suspended in the water; hence all these must be considered when interpreting Secchi depth data. Time required: several hours per site, assuming (on average) 10 stations/site. Necessary equipment and infrastructure: Secchi disk, rope, boat equipped with GPS Level of expertise required: minimal. Sampling the water column Additional chemical and biological features that impact water quality may be quantified by taking water samples using bottle samplers (e.g. Niskin bottles) at representative depths; e.g. surface, middepth and near the bottom. Organic and inorganic nutrients If the fish farm is managed properly (e.g. eliminating feed particles from the food pellets and minimizing wasted feed), loading of particulate organic wastes from aquaculture systems is relatively small and consists mainly of feces or pseudofeces from the stocked finfish or shellfish. The release of dissolved inorganic nutrients such as ammonia and phosphorus from aquaculture installations is much greater as these are excreted directly by the stock, leached from deposited wastes or released following decomposition of organic wastes in the sediments. In addition to the potential for eutrophication when nutrient levels are high, elevated concentrations of certain dissolved nutrients (e.g ammonia) may be harmful to aquatic life and can indicate overstocking or waste accumulation. In order to monitor nutrients in the water column, water samples are taken using sampling bottles and brought back to the laboratory for determination of ammonia, nitrate, nitrite, phosphate, total nitrogen (TN), total phosphorus (TP). Detailed protocols for these measurements are provided in Grasshoff et al. (1999), Kirkwood (1994) and ICES (2004). Although nitrate and nitrite are not released by the stocked organisms, and are not toxic to most marine organisms, they may help in determining the risk of eutrophication at a given site. The measurement of TN and TP (which includes both organic and inorganic forms) enables us to detect whether there is an increase in the levels of organic nutrients, as an increase in these may lead to more dramatic (and undesirable) changes in water quality. In addition to the above, the sampled water may also be used to determine chlorophyll a levels and to measure suspended particulate matter and the concentration of particulate organic carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus (ICES 2004). Time required: sampling the water column along a transect with 5 or 6 stations, and sample processing should take 1/2 day. Sample processing for chemical analysis of water based on this number of samples will take ~1 week, provided there are sufficient technical staff and that the samples are analysed using an autoanalyzer. Necessary equipment and infrastructure: boat equipped with GPS, Niskin bottles and a winch; analytical chemistry laboratory with autoanalyzer (an autoanalyzer is not obligatory, but will greatly reduce the effort to analyze samples by wet chemistry). Level of expertise required: basic experience in water-sampling in the field; broad experience in marine analytical chemistry.
Page 1 and 2: March 2011 GFCM:XXXV/2011/Dma.9 GEN
Page 3 and 4: 3 GFCM:XXXV/2011/Dma.9 CONTENTS PRE
Page 5 and 6: 5 GFCM:XXXV/2011/Dma.9 1. Introduct
Page 7 and 8: 7 GFCM:XXXV/2011/Dma.9 Although var
Page 9 and 10: 9 GFCM:XXXV/2011/Dma.9 different di
Page 11 and 12: 11 GFCM:XXXV/2011/Dma.9 Participant
Page 13 and 14: 13 GFCM:XXXV/2011/Dma.9 • there i
Page 15 and 16: 15 GFCM:XXXV/2011/Dma.9 2.2 Effects
Page 17 and 18: 17 2.3 Effects on ecosystems, habit
Page 19 and 20: 19 GFCM:XXXV/2011/Dma.9 Table 2 - S
Page 21 and 22: 21 21 GFCM:XXXV/2011/Dma.9 others (
Page 23 and 24: 23 23 GFCM:XXXV/2011/Dma.9 farming
Page 25 and 26: 25 25 GFCM:XXXV/2011/Dma.9 seabed d
Page 27 and 28: 27 27 GFCM:XXXV/2011/Dma.9 o MedVeg
Page 29 and 30: 29 29 GFCM:XXXV/2011/Dma.9 In concl
Page 31 and 32: 31 31 GFCM:XXXV/2011/Dma.9 Georgiad
Page 33 and 34: 33 33 GFCM:XXXV/2011/Dma.9 Leriche
Page 35 and 36: 35 35 GFCM:XXXV/2011/Dma.9 Pujalte
Page 37 and 38: 37 37 GFCM:XXXV/2011/Dma.9 In the f
Page 39 and 40: 39 39 GFCM:XXXV/2011/Dma.9 Level of
Page 41 and 42: 41 41 GFCM:XXXV/2011/Dma.9 et al.,
Page 43: Table 3 - Aspects of environmental
Page 47 and 48: 47 GFCM:XXXV/2011/Dma.9 Hyland J, B
Page 49 and 50: 49 GFCM:XXXV/2011/Dma.9 vicinity of
Page 51 and 52: 51 GFCM:XXXV/2011/Dma.9 The complex
Page 53 and 54: 53 GFCM:XXXV/2011/Dma.9 monitoring
Page 55 and 56: 55 GFCM:XXXV/2011/Dma.9 same time e
Page 57 and 58: 57 GFCM:XXXV/2011/Dma.9 5.2 Environ
Page 59 and 60: 59 GFCM:XXXV/2011/Dma.9 contribute
Page 61 and 62: 61 GFCM:XXXV/2011/Dma.9 countries h
Page 63 and 64: 63 GFCM:XXXV/2011/Dma.9 5.2.7 Sprea
Page 65 and 66: 65 GFCM:XXXV/2011/Dma.9 The latest
Page 67 and 68: 67 GFCM:XXXV/2011/Dma.9 Decisions r
Page 69 and 70: 69 GFCM:XXXV/2011/Dma.9 Beveridge,
Page 71 and 72: 71 GFCM:XXXV/2011/Dma.9 and reducin
Page 73 and 74: 73 GFCM:XXXV/2011/Dma.9 illustrates
Page 75 and 76: 75 GFCM:XXXV/2011/Dma.9 have compli
Page 77 and 78: 77 GFCM:XXXV/2011/Dma.9 EGYPT Egypt
Page 79 and 80: 79 GFCM:XXXV/2011/Dma.9 Dempster, T
Page 81 and 82: 81 GFCM:XXXV/2011/Dma.9 production
Page 83 and 84: 83 GFCM:XXXV/2011/Dma.9 regional, n
Page 85 and 86: 85 GFCM:XXXV/2011/Dma.9 the United
Page 87 and 88: 87 GFCM:XXXV/2011/Dma.9 Response by
Page 89 and 90: 89 GFCM:XXXV/2011/Dma.9 Dempster, T
Page 91 and 92: 91 GFCM:XXXV/2011/Dma.9 8. Procedur
Page 93 and 94: 93 GFCM:XXXV/2011/Dma.9 In this sce
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95 GFCM:XXXV/2011/Dma.9 In the past
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97 GFCM:XXXV/2011/Dma.9 The present
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99 GFCM:XXXV/2011/Dma.9 Lack of con
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101 GFCM:XXXV/2011/Dma.9 Figure 6 -
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103 GFCM:XXXV/2011/Dma.9 Figure 7 -
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105 Figure 8 - Licensing procedure
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107 GFCM:XXXV/2011/Dma.9 Box 3 - Li
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109 GFCM:XXXV/2011/Dma.9 through nu
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111 GFCM:XXXV/2011/Dma.9 Morocco, T
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113 GFCM:XXXV/2011/Dma.9 3. aquacul
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115 context, economic economic poli
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117 GFCM:XXXV/2011/Dma.9 Figure 15
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119 GFCM:XXXV/2011/Dma.9 when bad w
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121 Figure 17 - Standards for carry
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123 GFCM:XXXV/2011/Dma.9 Currently,
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125 GFCM:XXXV/2011/Dma.9 environmen
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127 GFCM:XXXV/2011/Dma.9 recommenda
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Assuring appropriate and responsibl
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131 GFCM:XXXV/2011/Dma.9 Based on t
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133 GFCM:XXXV/2011/Dma.9 13. Aquacu
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135 GFCM:XXXV/2011/Dma.9 Bermúdez,
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137 GFCM:XXXV/2011/Dma.9 Participan
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139 GFCM:XXXV/2011/Dma.9 Rosa CHAPE
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141 GFCM:XXXV/2011/Dma.9 Spyros KLA
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143 GFCM:XXXV/2011/Dma.9 143 ANNEX
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145 GFCM:XXXV/2011/Dma.9 The collec
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147 GFCM:XXXV/2011/Dma.9 C. Social
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149 GFCM:XXXV/2011/Dma.9 F. The Ada
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151 GFCM:XXXV/2011/Dma.9 Principle
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153 GFCM:XXXV/2011/Dma.9 Common ad
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155 GFCM:XXXV/2011/Dma.9 Guidelines
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157 GFCM:XXXV/2011/Dma.9 taking int
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159 GFCM:XXXV/2011/Dma.9 sampling t
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161 GFCM:XXXV/2011/Dma.9 Introducti
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163 GFCM:XXXV/2011/Dma.9 Internatio
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165 GFCM:XXXV/2011/Dma.9 Acta Adria
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167 GFCM:XXXV/2011/Dma.9 Mesnage V.
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169 GFCM:XXXV/2011/Dma.9 119 Cook E
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171 GFCM:XXXV/2011/Dma.9 155 Lampad
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173 GFCM:XXXV/2011/Dma.9 190 Bartol
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175 GFCM:XXXV/2011/Dma.9 western Me
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177 GFCM:XXXV/2011/Dma.9 Mediterr 6
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179 GFCM:XXXV/2011/Dma.9 4. What is
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