8. Although the process control is easy in a decentralized system by judiciously altering the operating conditions (like OLR, C/N ratio, etc.), but the change should be performed very carefully <strong>and</strong> gradually to avoid its effect on performance <strong>of</strong> biological system. Future study should also investigate the difference in reactor performance by sudden <strong>and</strong> gradual change in feed C/N ratio. 94
References Abdullahi, Y. A., Akunna, J. C., White, N. A., Hallett, P. D. <strong>and</strong> Wheatley, R. (2008). Investigating the effects <strong>of</strong> <strong>anaerobic</strong> <strong>and</strong> aerobic post-treatment on quality <strong>and</strong> stability <strong>of</strong> organic fraction <strong>of</strong> <strong>municipal</strong> <strong>solid</strong> <strong>waste</strong> as soil amendment. Bioresource Technology, 99 (18), 8631-8636. Al Seadi, T., Nielsen, J.B.H., Lindberg, A. <strong>and</strong> Wheeler, P. (2001). Good practice in quality management <strong>of</strong> ad residues from biogas production, IEA Bioenergy, Retrieved on July 18, 2008 from the web. http://www.ieabiogas.net/Dokumente/managementpaw 3.PDF. Alkaya, E. <strong>and</strong> Demirer, G.N. (2011). Anaerobic mesophilic co-<strong>digestion</strong> <strong>of</strong> sugar beet processing <strong>waste</strong>water <strong>and</strong> beet pulp in batch reactors. Renewable Energy, 36 (3), 971-975. Angeladaki, I. <strong>and</strong> S<strong>and</strong>ers, W. (2004). Assessment <strong>of</strong> the <strong>anaerobic</strong> biodegradability <strong>of</strong> macropollutants. Environmental Science <strong>and</strong> Bio/Technology, 3, 117-129. Angelidaki, I., Chen, X., Cui, J., Kaparaju, P. <strong>and</strong> Ellegaard, L. (2006 a). Thermophilic <strong>anaerobic</strong> <strong>digestion</strong> <strong>of</strong> source-sorted organic fraction <strong>of</strong> household <strong>municipal</strong> <strong>solid</strong> <strong>waste</strong>: Start-up procedure for continuously stirred tank reactor. Water Research, 40 (14), 2621-2628. Angelidaki, I., Cui, J., Chen, X., <strong>and</strong> Kaparaju, P. (2006 b). Operational strategies for thermophilic <strong>anaerobic</strong> <strong>digestion</strong> <strong>of</strong> organic fraction <strong>of</strong> <strong>municipal</strong> <strong>solid</strong> <strong>waste</strong> in continously stirred tank reactors. Environmental Technology, 27 (8), 855-861. APHA, AWWA, WEF, (2005). St<strong>and</strong>ard methods for the examination <strong>of</strong> water <strong>and</strong> <strong>waste</strong>water, 21st Edition, Washington, USA. Appels, L., Baeyens, J., Degrève, J. <strong>and</strong> Dewil, R. (2008). Principles <strong>and</strong> potential <strong>of</strong> the <strong>anaerobic</strong> <strong>digestion</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>waste</strong>-activated sludge. Progress in Energy <strong>and</strong> Combustion Science, 34 (6), 755-781. Bauer, A., Mayr, H., Hopfner-Sixt, K. <strong>and</strong> Amon, T. (2009). Detailed monitoring <strong>of</strong> two biogas plants <strong>and</strong> mechanical <strong>solid</strong>-liquid separation <strong>of</strong> fermentation residues. Journal <strong>of</strong> Biotechnology, 142 (1), 56-63. Berglund, M., (2006). Biogas production from a systems analytical perspective. Doctoral Dissertation, Environmental <strong>and</strong> Energy System Studies, Lund University, Lund. Binner, E., Tintner, J., Meissl, K., Smidt, E. <strong>and</strong> Lechner, P. (2008). Humic acids – A quality criterion for composts, In Proceedings <strong>of</strong> the international congress CODIS 2008, Compost <strong>and</strong> <strong>digestate</strong>: sustainability, benefits, <strong>and</strong> impacts for the environment <strong>and</strong> for plant production, Solothurn, Switzerl<strong>and</strong>. Bogner, J., Ahmed, M.A., Diaz, C., Faaij, A., Gao, Q., Hashimoto, S., et al. (2007). Waste Management, In B. Metz, O.R. Davidson, P.R. Bosch, R. Dave, L.A. Meyer (eds.), Climate Change 2007: Mitigation. (pp. 585-618). Contribution <strong>of</strong> Working Group III 95
- Page 1 and 2:
DRY ANAEROBIC DIGESTION OF MUNICIPA
- Page 3 and 4:
Abstract Global solid waste generat
- Page 5 and 6:
2.9 Characteristics of Digestates 3
- Page 7 and 8:
List of Tables Table Title Page 2.1
- Page 9 and 10:
4.20 Layout of conceptual decentral
- Page 11 and 12:
1.1 Background Chapter 1 Introducti
- Page 13 and 14:
The specific objectives of this res
- Page 15 and 16:
scale plants of the two processes i
- Page 17 and 18:
acetogens play their part to run th
- Page 19 and 20:
In dry anaerobic digestion, recycli
- Page 21 and 22:
process is inhibited and at that po
- Page 23 and 24:
eported, which increased with time,
- Page 25 and 26:
acids and increased downfall of pat
- Page 27 and 28:
performance of a poorly mixed (1 rp
- Page 29 and 30:
conventional low-solid system at th
- Page 31 and 32:
supply of the nutrients missing in
- Page 33 and 34:
2.6.2 Single-stage continuous syste
- Page 35 and 36:
single stage systems are DRANCO, Va
- Page 37 and 38:
of the solid content around 23% TS
- Page 39 and 40:
Substrate Feed TS (%) Reactor Type
- Page 41 and 42:
Second is that it has a high water
- Page 43 and 44:
2.9 Characteristics of Digestates D
- Page 45 and 46:
For instance, Mumme et al., (2010)
- Page 47 and 48:
Comparison of liquid and solid dige
- Page 49 and 50:
2.10 Management Aspects of Anaerobi
- Page 51 and 52:
Figure 2.11 Changing parameters dur
- Page 53 and 54: amount of anaerobic fermentation re
- Page 55 and 56: 3.1 Inoculum and Simulations of Was
- Page 57 and 58: ed pump, water circulating jacket,
- Page 59 and 60: the reactor was increased from 35°
- Page 61 and 62: parts (wt/wt bas is) of digestate c
- Page 63 and 64: Sand drying bed (SDB) is simple, ea
- Page 65 and 66: 3.4.4 Estimation of GHG emissions i
- Page 67 and 68: d) Calculation methods i) CH4 emiss
- Page 69 and 70: Table 3.5 Analytical Methods for Va
- Page 71 and 72: Biogas production 100X (NmL) Specif
- Page 73 and 74: (i.e. 5.2 and 3.04 respectively, pl
- Page 75 and 76: getting affected with the presence
- Page 77 and 78: feedstock 2 is considered as a sudd
- Page 79 and 80: 8.0) at most of the above said time
- Page 81 and 82: Table 4.2 Surplus Energy of ITDAR D
- Page 83 and 84: VFA 100 X (mg/L) VFA/Alk ratio 200
- Page 85 and 86: the VFA concentration increased to
- Page 87 and 88: The increase in GPR was almost line
- Page 89 and 90: Based on our results, the best oper
- Page 91 and 92: Based on this property of digestate
- Page 93 and 94: Table 4.5. With curing of digestate
- Page 95 and 96: application (after curing) in CH 4
- Page 97 and 98: digestion, etc. Moreover, mixing of
- Page 99 and 100: Figure 4.20 Layout of conceptual de
- Page 101 and 102: Chapter 5 Conclusions and Recommend
- Page 103: 5.2 Recommendations Following are t
- Page 107 and 108: Cengel, Y.A. (2003). Heat Transfer
- Page 109 and 110: Forster-Carneiro, T., Pérez, M., R
- Page 111 and 112: Kaparaju, P., Buendia, I., Ellegaar
- Page 113 and 114: Liu, C., Yuan, X., Zeng, G., Li, W.
- Page 115 and 116: Paavola, T. and Rintala, J. (2008).
- Page 117 and 118: Stroot, P. G., McMahon, K. D., Mack
- Page 119 and 120: Zeshan, Karthikeyan, O. P. and Visv
- Page 121 and 122: Fruit and vegetable Waste Closer to
- Page 123 and 124: Figure A-5 Sand drying bed for dewa
- Page 125 and 126: Assumptions Size of the community:
- Page 127 and 128: The flow rate of 0.569 m 3 biogas/h
- Page 129 and 130: Area for 910 kg dry solids = 910 (k
- Page 131 and 132: = 280 m 3 /d x 0.000717 tons/m 3 (D
- Page 133 and 134: Table C-1 Operational Parameters of
- Page 135 and 136: Run Time GPR % CO2 % CH4 Methane Yi
- Page 137 and 138: Appendix D Data of Phase II Pilot E
- Page 139 and 140: Table D-3 Characteristics of Feed a
- Page 141 and 142: Methodology Methodology for for Ene
- Page 143 and 144: Q = Heat transfer rate or heat loss
- Page 145: Calculation of GHG Emission Potenti
Change language