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Figure 3.10 Comparative scenarios of digestate management 5. In each case of digestate management, CO2 produced from biological degradation (e.g. in digestate land application, storage, dewatering, curing and dumping) has not been accounted as GHG source. The reason is that the material to be treated is of biogenic origin. Table 3.4 Forms and Sources of GHG Contributed and GHG Avoided Scenario GHG contribution GHG avoided 1 CH4 from dumped digestate Nil 2 N2O from land application of digestate Fossil CO2 for fertilizer manufacture 3 CH4 from storage and N2O from land Fossil CO2 for fertilizer application manufacture 4 CH4 from storage and N2O from land Fossil CO2 for fertilizer application Scenario 1 Dumping of digestate (baseline) All the digestate is dumped to a dumpsite Scenario 2 Direct application of digestate to agricultural land All the digestate is spread over agricultural land Scenario 3 Digestate storage and land application Storage of all the digestate followed by its land application Scenario 4 Storage, curing and land application of digestate All the digestate is stored followed by its curing and land application Scenario 5 Storage, curing and dumping of digestate All the digestate is stored and then cured before its dumping to dumpsite. 5 CH4 from storage and dumping of digestate 56 manufacture Nil
d) Calculation methods i) CH4 emission potential of dumped digestate (as GHG source) Estimation of GHG emissions has been done by mass balance method, which calculates methane formation potential on the basis of weight of carbon in the material. The method is based on a model given by Bingemer and Crutzen, 1987 (p. 2181) as cited by Kumar et al. (2004) and used by IGES, (2011). The detail is given in the following steps: 1. The characteristics of waste and digestate material (TS, and C) used for this estimation were practically found by lab analysis to calculate methane formation potential. 2. Methane potential of material (g/kg waste) was then converted to GHG emission (g CO2-eq/kg waste) by multiplying with a factor of 25 (IPCC, 2011). where Methane emission g of methane / kg of material ( M TS MCF DOC DOC F ( 16 / 12) R) ( 1 OX ) 1000 2 F gCO equivalent/ kg ( g of methane/ kg) 25 M = Total mass of material (1 kg) TS = Total solid content (fraction, e.g. 0.25) MCF = Methane correction factor (fraction). The frac tion depends upon the method of disposal and depth available at landfills. The IPCC document indicated the value 0.4 for open dumps of
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DRY ANAEROBIC DIGESTION OF MUNICIPA
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Abstract Global solid waste generat
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2.9 Characteristics of Digestates 3
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List of Tables Table Title Page 2.1
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4.20 Layout of conceptual decentral
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1.1 Background Chapter 1 Introducti
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The specific objectives of this res
Page 15 and 16: scale plants of the two processes i
Page 17 and 18: acetogens play their part to run th
Page 19 and 20: In dry anaerobic digestion, recycli
Page 21 and 22: process is inhibited and at that po
Page 23 and 24: eported, which increased with time,
Page 25 and 26: acids and increased downfall of pat
Page 27 and 28: performance of a poorly mixed (1 rp
Page 29 and 30: conventional low-solid system at th
Page 31 and 32: supply of the nutrients missing in
Page 33 and 34: 2.6.2 Single-stage continuous syste
Page 35 and 36: single stage systems are DRANCO, Va
Page 37 and 38: of the solid content around 23% TS
Page 39 and 40: Substrate Feed TS (%) Reactor Type
Page 41 and 42: Second is that it has a high water
Page 43 and 44: 2.9 Characteristics of Digestates D
Page 45 and 46: For instance, Mumme et al., (2010)
Page 47 and 48: Comparison of liquid and solid dige
Page 49 and 50: 2.10 Management Aspects of Anaerobi
Page 51 and 52: Figure 2.11 Changing parameters dur
Page 53 and 54: amount of anaerobic fermentation re
Page 55 and 56: 3.1 Inoculum and Simulations of Was
Page 57 and 58: ed pump, water circulating jacket,
Page 59 and 60: the reactor was increased from 35°
Page 61 and 62: parts (wt/wt bas is) of digestate c
Page 63 and 64: Sand drying bed (SDB) is simple, ea
Page 65: 3.4.4 Estimation of GHG emissions i
Page 69 and 70: Table 3.5 Analytical Methods for Va
Page 71 and 72: Biogas production 100X (NmL) Specif
Page 73 and 74: (i.e. 5.2 and 3.04 respectively, pl
Page 75 and 76: getting affected with the presence
Page 77 and 78: feedstock 2 is considered as a sudd
Page 79 and 80: 8.0) at most of the above said time
Page 81 and 82: Table 4.2 Surplus Energy of ITDAR D
Page 83 and 84: VFA 100 X (mg/L) VFA/Alk ratio 200
Page 85 and 86: the VFA concentration increased to
Page 87 and 88: The increase in GPR was almost line
Page 89 and 90: Based on our results, the best oper
Page 91 and 92: Based on this property of digestate
Page 93 and 94: Table 4.5. With curing of digestate
Page 95 and 96: application (after curing) in CH 4
Page 97 and 98: digestion, etc. Moreover, mixing of
Page 99 and 100: Figure 4.20 Layout of conceptual de
Page 101 and 102: Chapter 5 Conclusions and Recommend
Page 103 and 104: 5.2 Recommendations Following are t
Page 105 and 106: References Abdullahi, Y. A., Akunna
Page 107 and 108: Cengel, Y.A. (2003). Heat Transfer
Page 109 and 110: Forster-Carneiro, T., Pérez, M., R
Page 111 and 112: Kaparaju, P., Buendia, I., Ellegaar
Page 113 and 114: Liu, C., Yuan, X., Zeng, G., Li, W.
Page 115 and 116: Paavola, T. and Rintala, J. (2008).
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Stroot, P. G., McMahon, K. D., Mack
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Zeshan, Karthikeyan, O. P. and Visv
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Fruit and vegetable Waste Closer to
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Figure A-5 Sand drying bed for dewa
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Assumptions Size of the community:
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The flow rate of 0.569 m 3 biogas/h
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Area for 910 kg dry solids = 910 (k
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= 280 m 3 /d x 0.000717 tons/m 3 (D
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Table C-1 Operational Parameters of
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Run Time GPR % CO2 % CH4 Methane Yi
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Appendix D Data of Phase II Pilot E
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Table D-3 Characteristics of Feed a
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Methodology Methodology for for Ene
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Q = Heat transfer rate or heat loss
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Calculation of GHG Emission Potenti
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