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digestate TS was kept constant at 12-13%.Thus adjustment of TS in the reactor helped in its smooth operation. TS (%FM) Run Figure 4.15 Comparison of feed and digestate regarding total solids in phase I experiment TKN in digestate dropped at the beginning and was low during day 20-90. After day 90, it started to increase and became almost constant for rest of the study period in the range of 1.8-2.0%. The significant decrease in TKN at the start of the experiment compared to TKN in feed suggests that the TKN might have been utilized in the build-up of big size of microbial biomass sufficient to sustain the reactor. Once sufficient microbial biomass was developed, consumption of TKN might have been decreased, and thus its concentration increased in reactor. Conversely, C/N ratio of the digestate was higher in the beginning. After day 95, C/N ratio was low in the range of 15-20 (Figure 4.16, Appendix C, Table C- 3) and remained in the same range for the rest of study period. This finding is in agreement with increase in TKN concentration. C/N ratio of digestate 35 30 25 20 15 10 5 50 45 40 35 30 25 20 15 10 5 0 Feed TS Digestate TS Digestate VS/TS Start-up 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 C/N ratio of digestate Digestate TKN 1 31 61 91 121 151 181 211 241 271 Run Time (days) Figure 4.16 TKN and C/N ratio of the digestate in phase I experiment 80 0.8 0.7 0.6 0.5 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.1 0.0 3.0 2.5 2.0 1.5 1.0 0.5 0.0 VS/TS of digestate TKN in digestate (%TS)
Based on this property of digestate (i.e. C/N ratio 15-20), further intensive treatment, for instance, composting, is not required. The digestate can be directly applied to agricultural fields as Wood, (2008) stated that C/N ratio of organic material fit for agricultural land application should be
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DRY ANAEROBIC DIGESTION OF MUNICIPA
Page 3 and 4:
Abstract Global solid waste generat
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2.9 Characteristics of Digestates 3
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List of Tables Table Title Page 2.1
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4.20 Layout of conceptual decentral
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1.1 Background Chapter 1 Introducti
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The specific objectives of this res
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scale plants of the two processes i
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acetogens play their part to run th
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In dry anaerobic digestion, recycli
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process is inhibited and at that po
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eported, which increased with time,
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acids and increased downfall of pat
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performance of a poorly mixed (1 rp
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conventional low-solid system at th
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supply of the nutrients missing in
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2.6.2 Single-stage continuous syste
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single stage systems are DRANCO, Va
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of the solid content around 23% TS
Page 39 and 40: Substrate Feed TS (%) Reactor Type
Page 41 and 42: Second is that it has a high water
Page 43 and 44: 2.9 Characteristics of Digestates D
Page 45 and 46: For instance, Mumme et al., (2010)
Page 47 and 48: Comparison of liquid and solid dige
Page 49 and 50: 2.10 Management Aspects of Anaerobi
Page 51 and 52: Figure 2.11 Changing parameters dur
Page 53 and 54: amount of anaerobic fermentation re
Page 55 and 56: 3.1 Inoculum and Simulations of Was
Page 57 and 58: ed pump, water circulating jacket,
Page 59 and 60: the reactor was increased from 35°
Page 61 and 62: parts (wt/wt bas is) of digestate c
Page 63 and 64: Sand drying bed (SDB) is simple, ea
Page 65 and 66: 3.4.4 Estimation of GHG emissions i
Page 67 and 68: d) Calculation methods i) CH4 emiss
Page 69 and 70: Table 3.5 Analytical Methods for Va
Page 71 and 72: Biogas production 100X (NmL) Specif
Page 73 and 74: (i.e. 5.2 and 3.04 respectively, pl
Page 75 and 76: getting affected with the presence
Page 77 and 78: feedstock 2 is considered as a sudd
Page 79 and 80: 8.0) at most of the above said time
Page 81 and 82: Table 4.2 Surplus Energy of ITDAR D
Page 83 and 84: VFA 100 X (mg/L) VFA/Alk ratio 200
Page 85 and 86: the VFA concentration increased to
Page 87 and 88: The increase in GPR was almost line
Page 89: Based on our results, the best oper
Page 93 and 94: Table 4.5. With curing of digestate
Page 95 and 96: application (after curing) in CH 4
Page 97 and 98: digestion, etc. Moreover, mixing of
Page 99 and 100: Figure 4.20 Layout of conceptual de
Page 101 and 102: Chapter 5 Conclusions and Recommend
Page 103 and 104: 5.2 Recommendations Following are t
Page 105 and 106: References Abdullahi, Y. A., Akunna
Page 107 and 108: Cengel, Y.A. (2003). Heat Transfer
Page 109 and 110: Forster-Carneiro, T., Pérez, M., R
Page 111 and 112: Kaparaju, P., Buendia, I., Ellegaar
Page 113 and 114: Liu, C., Yuan, X., Zeng, G., Li, W.
Page 115 and 116: Paavola, T. and Rintala, J. (2008).
Page 117 and 118: Stroot, P. G., McMahon, K. D., Mack
Page 119 and 120: Zeshan, Karthikeyan, O. P. and Visv
Page 121 and 122: Fruit and vegetable Waste Closer to
Page 123 and 124: Figure A-5 Sand drying bed for dewa
Page 125 and 126: Assumptions Size of the community:
Page 127 and 128: The flow rate of 0.569 m 3 biogas/h
Page 129 and 130: Area for 910 kg dry solids = 910 (k
Page 131 and 132: = 280 m 3 /d x 0.000717 tons/m 3 (D
Page 133 and 134: Table C-1 Operational Parameters of
Page 135 and 136: Run Time GPR % CO2 % CH4 Methane Yi
Page 137 and 138: Appendix D Data of Phase II Pilot E
Page 139 and 140: Table D-3 Characteristics of Feed a
Page 141 and 142:
Methodology Methodology for for Ene
Page 143 and 144:
Q = Heat transfer rate or heat loss
Page 145:
Calculation of GHG Emission Potenti
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