dry anaerobic digestion of municipal solid waste and digestate ...

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List of Figures Figure Title Page 2.1 Trend of low solids and high solids anaerobic digestion plants in Europe 5 2.2 Main stages of anaerobic digestion process 6 2.3 Graphical representation of temperature ranges for anaerobic digestion 14 2.4 Capacity of mesophilic versus thermophilic digestion operation in Europe 15 2.5 General methods of mixing in dry anaerobic digestion, a) digestate recirculation, b) biogas recirculation and c) mechanical mixer 16 2.6 Classes of dry anaerobic digestion by operational criteria 22 2.7 Comparison between one stage and two stage process in Europe 24 2.8 Designs of single-stage dry anaerobic digesters 26 2.9 Emissions from soil applied digestate to environments 30 2.10 Liquid-solid separation of digestate with production of useful products 39 2.11 Changing parameters during aerobic post-treatment 41 3.1 Phases of overall research study 44 3.2 Experimental set-up for gas formation potential test 46 3.3 Pilot-scale experimental setup of inclined thermophilic dry anaerobic digester 47 3.4 Method steps for gas formation potential test 48 3.5 Operating conditions of ITDAR for Phase II pilot experiment 51 3.6 Possible unit processes of digestate management system 52 3.7 Plastic drums for storage of digestate 53 3.8 Sand drying bed: Top view 54 3.9 Sand bed for digestate dewatering, A-A cross-sectional view 54 3.10 Comparative scenarios of digestate management 56 4.1 Cumulative and specific biogas production by feedstock 1 61 4.2 Cumulative and specific biogas production by feedstock 2 62 4.3 Time course of dry anaerobic digestion with various parameters in 64 ITDAR 4.4 Interaction of ammonia and VFA in ITDAR 67 4.5 Variation of total ammonia-N concentration and TAN/TKN ratio with feed C/N ratio in ITDAR 69 4.6 pH profile of ITDAR during start-up 72 4.7 Profile of VFA and VFA/Alk ratio during start-up 73 4.8 CH4, CO2 and GPR fluctuation during start-up phase 74 4.9 Evolution of pH in ITDAR during continuous loading 75 4.10 Concentration of VFA in ITDAR during continuous loading 75 4.11 VFA/Alk ratio in ITDAR during continuous loading 76 4.12 Gas production rate of ITDAR during different OLRs 77 4.13 Cumulative methane per liter of reactor volume in ITDAR 78 4.14 Selection of operating conditions based on purpose of waste treatment 78 4.15 Comparison of feed and digestate regarding total solids in phase I 80 experiment 4.16 TKN and C/N ratio of the digestate in phase I experiment 80 4.17 TS and VS content of digestate in phase II experiment 81 4.18 GHG emission potential of OFMSW and digestates 83 4.19 Net GHG emissions from all scenarios of digestate management 86 viii
4.20 Layout of conceptual decentralized AD plant for a community 89 4.21 Conceptual mass balance for VS of the proposed decentralized system 90 ix
Page 1 and 2: DRY ANAEROBIC DIGESTION OF MUNICIPA
Page 3 and 4: Abstract Global solid waste generat
Page 5 and 6: 2.9 Characteristics of Digestates 3
Page 7: List of Tables Table Title Page 2.1
Page 11 and 12: 1.1 Background Chapter 1 Introducti
Page 13 and 14: The specific objectives of this res
Page 15 and 16: scale plants of the two processes i
Page 17 and 18: acetogens play their part to run th
Page 19 and 20: In dry anaerobic digestion, recycli
Page 21 and 22: process is inhibited and at that po
Page 23 and 24: eported, which increased with time,
Page 25 and 26: acids and increased downfall of pat
Page 27 and 28: performance of a poorly mixed (1 rp
Page 29 and 30: conventional low-solid system at th
Page 31 and 32: supply of the nutrients missing in
Page 33 and 34: 2.6.2 Single-stage continuous syste
Page 35 and 36: single stage systems are DRANCO, Va
Page 37 and 38: of the solid content around 23% TS
Page 39 and 40: Substrate Feed TS (%) Reactor Type
Page 41 and 42: Second is that it has a high water
Page 43 and 44: 2.9 Characteristics of Digestates D
Page 45 and 46: For instance, Mumme et al., (2010)
Page 47 and 48: Comparison of liquid and solid dige
Page 49 and 50: 2.10 Management Aspects of Anaerobi
Page 51 and 52: Figure 2.11 Changing parameters dur
Page 53 and 54: amount of anaerobic fermentation re
Page 55 and 56: 3.1 Inoculum and Simulations of Was
Page 57 and 58: ed pump, water circulating jacket,
Page 59 and 60:
the reactor was increased from 35°
Page 61 and 62:
parts (wt/wt bas is) of digestate c
Page 63 and 64:
Sand drying bed (SDB) is simple, ea
Page 65 and 66:
3.4.4 Estimation of GHG emissions i
Page 67 and 68:
d) Calculation methods i) CH4 emiss
Page 69 and 70:
Table 3.5 Analytical Methods for Va
Page 71 and 72:
Biogas production 100X (NmL) Specif
Page 73 and 74:
(i.e. 5.2 and 3.04 respectively, pl
Page 75 and 76:
getting affected with the presence
Page 77 and 78:
feedstock 2 is considered as a sudd
Page 79 and 80:
8.0) at most of the above said time
Page 81 and 82:
Table 4.2 Surplus Energy of ITDAR D
Page 83 and 84:
VFA 100 X (mg/L) VFA/Alk ratio 200
Page 85 and 86:
the VFA concentration increased to
Page 87 and 88:
The increase in GPR was almost line
Page 89 and 90:
Based on our results, the best oper
Page 91 and 92:
Based on this property of digestate
Page 93 and 94:
Table 4.5. With curing of digestate
Page 95 and 96:
application (after curing) in CH 4
Page 97 and 98:
digestion, etc. Moreover, mixing of
Page 99 and 100:
Figure 4.20 Layout of conceptual de
Page 101 and 102:
Chapter 5 Conclusions and Recommend
Page 103 and 104:
5.2 Recommendations Following are t
Page 105 and 106:
References Abdullahi, Y. A., Akunna
Page 107 and 108:
Cengel, Y.A. (2003). Heat Transfer
Page 109 and 110:
Forster-Carneiro, T., Pérez, M., R
Page 111 and 112:
Kaparaju, P., Buendia, I., Ellegaar
Page 113 and 114:
Liu, C., Yuan, X., Zeng, G., Li, W.
Page 115 and 116:
Paavola, T. and Rintala, J. (2008).
Page 117 and 118:
Stroot, P. G., McMahon, K. D., Mack
Page 119 and 120:
Zeshan, Karthikeyan, O. P. and Visv
Page 121 and 122:
Fruit and vegetable Waste Closer to
Page 123 and 124:
Figure A-5 Sand drying bed for dewa
Page 125 and 126:
Assumptions Size of the community:
Page 127 and 128:
The flow rate of 0.569 m 3 biogas/h
Page 129 and 130:
Area for 910 kg dry solids = 910 (k
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= 280 m 3 /d x 0.000717 tons/m 3 (D
Page 133 and 134:
Table C-1 Operational Parameters of
Page 135 and 136:
Run Time GPR % CO2 % CH4 Methane Yi
Page 137 and 138:
Appendix D Data of Phase II Pilot E
Page 139 and 140:
Table D-3 Characteristics of Feed a
Page 141 and 142:
Methodology Methodology for for Ene
Page 143 and 144:
Q = Heat transfer rate or heat loss
Page 145:
Calculation of GHG Emission Potenti
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