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Table 2.8 Characteristics of Separated Liquid Digestates from Different Digestion Systems Substrate MC (%) TS (%) VS (% TS) TN (% TS) C (%TS) 36 C/N NH4-N (% TS) P (%TS) Animal slurry 94.77 5.23 - 7.27 - - - 2.24 - K (%TS) Reference Moller et al., 2002 Farm manure (Spring) 94.33 5.67 70.55 6.53 35.27 5.4 2.12 1.39 6.00 Schafer et al., Farm manure (Autumn) 96.17 3.83 71.00 6.53 23.49 3.6 2.61 1.33 8.36 2006 Manure with biowaste 99.48 0.52 86.54 30.77 48.10 c 1.6 21.15 2.12 - Paavola and Rintala, 2008 SS-OFMSW 96.10 3.90 66.40 13.85 36.88 c 2.7 9.85 1.22 3.64 Palm, 2008 Farm manure 93.50 6.50 73.25 a 6.92 b 40.69 c 5.9 3.84 b 2.69 6.92 Mokry et al., 2008 d a Calculated by the formula: VS = OM X 1.8/1.72 b Feedstock is animal slurry c Calculated by the formula: C = VS/1.8 d Data of raw (un-separated) digestate
Comparison of liquid and solid digestate shows that solid digestates have much higher C/N ratio (20-30) because of lower N content as compared to liquid digestates and thus need to be treated and stabilized by composting before they can be applied on agricultural soils as amendment. Moreover, solid digestates also have higher TS and P content as compared to liquid digestate. 2.9.3 Presence of organic pollutants Digestates are so-called ’secondary fertilizers’ or ’waste fertilizers’ which are used in agricluture because these can provide a little amount of plant nutrients and organic matter to soil, these however, contain some pollutants in varying concentrations mostly in the range of µg/kg, that can contaminate soil and food. Organic pollutants present in the digestates are PCBs ( polychlorinated biphenyls), PAHs ( polycyclic aromatic hyrdrocarbons), NPs (nonylphenols), DEHPs (di -2-ethylhexyl phthalates), PBDEs (polybrominated diphenyl ethers), PCDD/Fs (polychlorinated dibenzo -p-dioxins and dibenzofurans) and some other organic compounds. The most important pathways of organic pollutants in the digestate are deposition from air and direct application of pesticides to the material of origin. Some of these compounds are degraded in soil after application, so that we can measure concentration in soil to determine their degradation and persistence. Soil concentrations of pollutants may be 3 to 10 times lower than those in digestates (Stab et al., 2008). As shown in the Table 2.9, PCBs have less concentrations in most of digestates or composts, but other pollutants like PAHs, NP and DEHP are high in concentration. Usually, these concentrations are low in green waste composts and high in biowaste composts and composted digestates. This may be because of different levels of contamination of input materials. Areas having more heating through oil in winter can get higher concentration of PAHs from atmosphere. Table 2.9 Concentration of Organic Pollutants in Digesates and Composts (µg/kgDM) Pollutant Anaerobic digestion digestate Compost Biowaste compost 37 Digestate of SS waste PCB 10 20 33 32 25.6 PAHs 1430 3010 2.659 5925 2680 NP 4770 30 560 - 324 Composted digestate (median) DEHP 29700 30100 1.400 1114 1760 Organic compounds/ Pesticides 430 130 - 114 - PBDE - - 13 2.7 26.3 PCDD/Fs - - - 3.2 ng I- 6 ng I- TEQ/ kg dw TEQ/kg dw Reference Kordel and Kordel and Stab et al., Kupper, et Riedel and Herrchen, Herrchen, 2008 al., 2008 Marb, 2008 2008 2008 Note: SS stands for source separated Estimated flux of organic pollutants (PCB and PAH) to Swiss agricultural soil was dominated by application of manure and aerial deposition (Brandli et al., 2008). However,
Page 1 and 2: DRY ANAEROBIC DIGESTION OF MUNICIPA
Page 3 and 4: Abstract Global solid waste generat
Page 5 and 6: 2.9 Characteristics of Digestates 3
Page 7 and 8: List of Tables Table Title Page 2.1
Page 9 and 10: 4.20 Layout of conceptual decentral
Page 11 and 12: 1.1 Background Chapter 1 Introducti
Page 13 and 14: The specific objectives of this res
Page 15 and 16: scale plants of the two processes i
Page 17 and 18: acetogens play their part to run th
Page 19 and 20: In dry anaerobic digestion, recycli
Page 21 and 22: process is inhibited and at that po
Page 23 and 24: eported, which increased with time,
Page 25 and 26: acids and increased downfall of pat
Page 27 and 28: performance of a poorly mixed (1 rp
Page 29 and 30: conventional low-solid system at th
Page 31 and 32: supply of the nutrients missing in
Page 33 and 34: 2.6.2 Single-stage continuous syste
Page 35 and 36: single stage systems are DRANCO, Va
Page 37 and 38: of the solid content around 23% TS
Page 39 and 40: Substrate Feed TS (%) Reactor Type
Page 41 and 42: Second is that it has a high water
Page 43 and 44: 2.9 Characteristics of Digestates D
Page 45: For instance, Mumme et al., (2010)
Page 49 and 50: 2.10 Management Aspects of Anaerobi
Page 51 and 52: Figure 2.11 Changing parameters dur
Page 53 and 54: amount of anaerobic fermentation re
Page 55 and 56: 3.1 Inoculum and Simulations of Was
Page 57 and 58: ed pump, water circulating jacket,
Page 59 and 60: the reactor was increased from 35°
Page 61 and 62: parts (wt/wt bas is) of digestate c
Page 63 and 64: Sand drying bed (SDB) is simple, ea
Page 65 and 66: 3.4.4 Estimation of GHG emissions i
Page 67 and 68: d) Calculation methods i) CH4 emiss
Page 69 and 70: Table 3.5 Analytical Methods for Va
Page 71 and 72: Biogas production 100X (NmL) Specif
Page 73 and 74: (i.e. 5.2 and 3.04 respectively, pl
Page 75 and 76: getting affected with the presence
Page 77 and 78: feedstock 2 is considered as a sudd
Page 79 and 80: 8.0) at most of the above said time
Page 81 and 82: Table 4.2 Surplus Energy of ITDAR D
Page 83 and 84: VFA 100 X (mg/L) VFA/Alk ratio 200
Page 85 and 86: the VFA concentration increased to
Page 87 and 88: The increase in GPR was almost line
Page 89 and 90: Based on our results, the best oper
Page 91 and 92: Based on this property of digestate
Page 93 and 94: Table 4.5. With curing of digestate
Page 95 and 96: application (after curing) in CH 4
Page 97 and 98:
digestion, etc. Moreover, mixing of
Page 99 and 100:
Figure 4.20 Layout of conceptual de
Page 101 and 102:
Chapter 5 Conclusions and Recommend
Page 103 and 104:
5.2 Recommendations Following are t
Page 105 and 106:
References Abdullahi, Y. A., Akunna
Page 107 and 108:
Cengel, Y.A. (2003). Heat Transfer
Page 109 and 110:
Forster-Carneiro, T., Pérez, M., R
Page 111 and 112:
Kaparaju, P., Buendia, I., Ellegaar
Page 113 and 114:
Liu, C., Yuan, X., Zeng, G., Li, W.
Page 115 and 116:
Paavola, T. and Rintala, J. (2008).
Page 117 and 118:
Stroot, P. G., McMahon, K. D., Mack
Page 119 and 120:
Zeshan, Karthikeyan, O. P. and Visv
Page 121 and 122:
Fruit and vegetable Waste Closer to
Page 123 and 124:
Figure A-5 Sand drying bed for dewa
Page 125 and 126:
Assumptions Size of the community:
Page 127 and 128:
The flow rate of 0.569 m 3 biogas/h
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Area for 910 kg dry solids = 910 (k
Page 131 and 132:
= 280 m 3 /d x 0.000717 tons/m 3 (D
Page 133 and 134:
Table C-1 Operational Parameters of
Page 135 and 136:
Run Time GPR % CO2 % CH4 Methane Yi
Page 137 and 138:
Appendix D Data of Phase II Pilot E
Page 139 and 140:
Table D-3 Characteristics of Feed a
Page 141 and 142:
Methodology Methodology for for Ene
Page 143 and 144:
Q = Heat transfer rate or heat loss
Page 145:
Calculation of GHG Emission Potenti
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