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118 which was believed to be dead, could be revive through the backdoor through bilateral and regional treaties.” 330 330 Own translation of the following original text: “Die EU ist bestrebt, darin umfangreiche Zugeständnisse an internationale Investoren zu verankern (z.B. Rechtsgarantien zum Schutz ausländischer Investoren, eine Meistb egünstigungsklausel, Schutz vor Enteignung und Verstaatlichung, freier Gewinntransfer sowie ein internationaler Streitschlichtungsmechanismus). Das Europäische Parlament hat sich bereits 1999 dafür eingesetzt, daß ein rechtlich verbindlicher Verhaltenskodex für ausländische Investoren in Entwicklungsländern in den Anhang zukünftiger Abkommen aufgenommen wird, der die Investoren zur Einhaltung sozialer, menschenrechtlicher und ökologischer Mindeststandards verpflichtet. Einige der neuen EU-Handelsabkommen räumen internationalen Investoren tendenziell einen weitreichenderen Investitionsschutz ein, als in anderen multilateralen Initiativen bislang beschlossen. Insgesamt ist daher zu befürchten, dass über den WTO-Rahmen hinaus das bereits tot gesagte Multilaterale Investitionsabkommen (MAI) quasi durch die Hintertür auch in bilateralen und regionalen Verträgen wiederaufleben könnte.” Taken from: Schilder, Klaus (WEED): Regionalisierung unter neoliberalem Vorzeichen? Die polit-ökonomische Geographie der EU-Handelspolitik, June 10, 2003, http://www.weed-online.org/artikel/ 18513.html.
5.3 The EU-MERCOSUR association agreement: The deregulation of national markets through the regulation of international markets? The EU and MERCOSUR, after the “failure” of Cancún, have repeatedly emphasized their interest in finalizing an “Interregional Association Agreement”. A conclusion to this agreement – with the “ambitious and innovative provisions” of the so-called “fourth generation” – will now, after the EU-Mexico and EU-Chile agreements, be attempted within the EU-MERCOSUR context in the course of the coming months. Following the last EU-MERCOSUR ministerial meeting in Brussels on November 12, 2003 the negotiation plan of the coming sessions of the bi-regional negotiation committee (BNC) was tightened, so that the treaty will be prepared for the final consultations at the next meeting of the heads of state of Latin America, the Caribbean and Europe from May 28-29 at Guadalajara, Mexico, and could be signed, according to the plan, in October 2004. The issue of investment will play a central role here, which will have to be matched by the pretensions of the European Commission, which untiringly praises the compatibility of trade and investment with development. But so far the focus of the EU-MERCOSUR negotiation process seems to have favored trade and investment, so that the warning of the assessment expressed by civil society already in 2002 continues to be valid: “It is time to rethink the process of international investment agreements thoroughly. In particular the relationship between bilateral investment agreements and multilateral or interregional agreements needs to be articulated much more carefully and explicitly than has happened to date. That does not appear to be happening within the EU/MERCOSUR process.” 331 It not only has to be feared that, within the framework of the broad free trade agenda between the EU and MERCOSUR questions of development will become secondary just like the verbal avowals for human rights, but also that national scope of decision making with respect to development will be subjected to the dictum of profit and efficiency by means of the a) Proposed free trade agreement. b) Bilateral investment treaties (BITs) with their far-reaching investors’ rights, which have already been ratified or are near to ratification. 331 Konrad von Moltke (International Institute for Sustainable Development): European Union / MERCOSUR Negotiations. The Environment and Sustainable Development Dimension, edited by: WWF European Policy Office, Belgium & WWF Brazil, April 2002, p. 23. 119
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Christian Russau Enforcement of int
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Preface Since the end of 1999 the C
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If the “Interregional Association
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8 Chapter 5: The enforcement of int
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10 1.1 Negotiations of the “Inter
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12 A similar agreement of the so-ca
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14 tute in the eyes of many countri
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16 amaraty, where the FTAA-negotiat
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18 free trade agreement between the
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20 at the UN Millenium Summit to ha
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24 tual contradictions between the
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26 fired. The workers union OGB-L,
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28 policy and EU development policy
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Chapter 2: Foreign direct investmen
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50% in 2002 as compared to the prev
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The reasons for propagating this co
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• according to a study conducted
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promotion of domestic demand, in or
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2.2 International Agreements and Tr
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2.3 The World Trade Organization WT
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• trade and investment • compet
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2.3.3 The GATS agreement The Genera
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which works on a profit-basis, sees
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“deadline: by 1 January 2005”.
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“discrimination” or “expropri
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Stockholm Chamber of Commerce (SCC)
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60 zations and liberalization in La
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62 the profitability, on the electr
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64 America. Also the issue of human
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66 • Thirdly the WTO Dispute Sett
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