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92 studies in 2003 on the impact of the barrage Belo Monte, the waterway Teles-Pires Tapajós, the nuclear power station Angra III and the coal-fired power station Seival, and had concluded the these projects in part will have disastrous consequences. 261 Angra III is the third nuclear power station in Angra, which is located on the Atlantic coast between two densely populated areas, Rio de Janeiro and São Paulo, in a highly sensitive area. This nuclear project had already been planned by the military dictatorship in the seventies, and was implemented at immense costs – whose consequences continue to affect the Brazilian foreign debt even today - in conjunction with the German Siemens and after consultations with the German government. 262 The original plan of the Brazilian military to develop the nuclear bomb never materialized, but the power stations were successively built – and now the completion of Angra III is on the agenda: Luiz Pinguelli Rosa, the president of Eletrobrás, expressed the hope that the French-German Framatome would invest 1.8 billion US-dollars for the completion of Angra III 263 : “Framatome ANP is headquartered in Paris with regional subsidiaries in the U.S. and Germany. With a total workforce of 14,000, the company is active in Eastern and Western Europe, North and South America, Asia and Africa. Its annual revenues total more than 2.5 billion €. In the company, AREVA has a 66% stake and Siemens 34%.” 264 Areva is owned (numbers from 31.12.2002) with 78.96 % by the state-owned CEA (Commissariat à l’Énergie Atomique), 5.19 % belongs directly to the French state, Caisse des Dépôts et Consignations owns a share of 3.59 %, ERAP 3.21 %, EDF 2.42% and TotalFinaElf 1.02 %. 265 Frameatome would receive a license for a period of 20 years for Angra III and would be able to not only cover costs through energy sales, but would also realize profits. 266 According to general assessment the Lula-government has a strategical aim with its PPA focused on infrastructural measures, which could help to save production costs in other sectors, especially in the production chains of exportable goods, in order to achieve a better balance of payments in the long run. 267 261 See: Urgewald e.V. Presseerklärung: Deutsch-brasilianische Infrastrukturinitiative nachhaltig ausgestalten. Brasilianische Umweltschützer fordern deutsche Investoren auf: Hände weg von riskanten Infrastrukturprojekten!, Berlin, June 2, 2003, http://www.urgewald.de. 262 Lateinamerika Nachrichten: Das deutsch/brasilianische Bombengeschäft, special number of the Lateinamerika Nachrichten, Berlin (West) 1980. 263 Estado de São Paulo, September 20, 2003. 264 http://www.framatome.com. 265 http://www.arevagroup.com. 266 Agência Brasil, September 19, 2003. 267 Amazonia.org.br: The new Pluri-Annual Plan is unveiled, September 2, 2003.
According to the Brazilian Secretary of Planning, Guido Mantega, at a meeting with potential investors in Washington on December 4, 2003, 268 the Brazilian government plans a total expenditure in infrastructure of up to 100 billion US-dollars over the next four years. Other estimates envision even higher expenditures. The Estado de São Paulo from June 25, 2003 reported estimates of coming investments for the energetic sector of only 82 billion US-dollars. 269 And the Brazilian government is very interested in obtaining the participation of foreign private enterprises in these projects: Luiz Ignácio Lula da Silva, on his visit to Madrid on July 14th called on the European investors to invest in order to “create a prospering South America.” 270 And last but not least the MERCOSUR-European Business Forum (MEBF) is surely one of the most influential actors in the area of investment in the negotiating agenda between the EU and MERCOSUR. The MEBF was founded in 1999 with the objective of accompanying the free trade negotiations between the EU and MERCO- SUR, - which amounts to nothing less than lobbying for their own interests in order to have them included in the agreement: “The MEBF is based on the idea that entrepreneurs should identify MERCOSUR/EU barriers to trade , services an investment, and elaborate joint recommendations to eliminate these restrictions.” 271 The list of participants of the MEBF-conference in Buenos Aires in 2001 sounds more like a “who is who” of international corporations: Arcelor, Siemens, Alcatel, Alstom, BASF, Telefónica, Repsol YPF, DaimlerChrysler, Degussa, Ericsson, Fiat, France Telecom, Portugal Telecom, Renault, Peugeot, Bosch, Suez, ThyssenKrupp, Volkswagen and of course the German BDI and the Brazilian Sadia (whose president, now the Brazilian Secretary of Foreign Trade, does not lose sight of his poultry business) were present. 268 http://www.abtc.org.br/info.php?codigo=1902. 269 Estado de São Paulo, June 25, 2003. 270 “[...] para a construção de uma América do Sul mais próspera”, Folha de São Paulo, July 5, 2003. 271 http://mebf.arcelor.com/about.htm. 93
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Christian Russau Enforcement of int
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Preface Since the end of 1999 the C
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If the “Interregional Association
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8 Chapter 5: The enforcement of int
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10 1.1 Negotiations of the “Inter
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12 A similar agreement of the so-ca
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14 tute in the eyes of many countri
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16 amaraty, where the FTAA-negotiat
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18 free trade agreement between the
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20 at the UN Millenium Summit to ha
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22 on the possibility of a unilater
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24 tual contradictions between the
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26 fired. The workers union OGB-L,
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28 policy and EU development policy
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Chapter 2: Foreign direct investmen
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50% in 2002 as compared to the prev
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The reasons for propagating this co
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• according to a study conducted
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promotion of domestic demand, in or
Page 41 and 42: 2.2 International Agreements and Tr
Page 43 and 44: 2.3 The World Trade Organization WT
Page 45 and 46: • trade and investment • compet
Page 47 and 48: 2.3.3 The GATS agreement The Genera
Page 49 and 50: which works on a profit-basis, sees
Page 51 and 52: “deadline: by 1 January 2005”.
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Page 55: Stockholm Chamber of Commerce (SCC)
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Page 60 and 61: 60 zations and liberalization in La
Page 62 and 63: 62 the profitability, on the electr
Page 64 and 65: 64 America. Also the issue of human
Page 66 and 67: 66 • Thirdly the WTO Dispute Sett
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Page 70 and 71: 70 The largest trade balance defici
Page 72 and 73: 72 OECD area by European companies.
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Page 104 and 105: 104 4.3 Brazil, foreign direct inve
Page 106 and 107: 106 “Commercial Presence: The jur
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Page 114 and 115: 114 The agreement on government pro
Page 116 and 117: 116 5.2 The case of Chile: Foreign
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Page 120 and 121: 120 c) The still pending Doha “De
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Page 130 and 131: 130 um den Markt der wiederentdeckt
Page 132 and 133: 132 · Torrent, Ramón: Acordos Int
Page 134 and 135: 134 DIHK Deutscher Industrie- und H
Page 136 and 137: 136 Lomé Lomé-Agreement between E
Page 138 and 139: About FDCL is a nonprofitorganizati
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