American Bison - Buffalo Field Campaign

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The designation of geographical entities in this report, and the presentation of the material, do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of IUCN concerning the legal status of any country, territory, or area, or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. The views expressed in this publication do not necessarily reflect those of IUCN. Published by: IUCN, Gland, Switzerland Copyright: © 2010 International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources Reproduction of this publication for educational or other non-commercial purposes is authorized without prior written permission from the copyright holder provided the source is fully acknowledged. Reproduction of this publication for resale or other commercial purposes is prohibited without prior written permission of the copyright holder. Citation: Gates, C.C., Freese, C.H., Gogan, P.J.P. and Kotzman, M. (eds. and comps.) (2010). American ISBN: 978-2-8317-1149-2 Cover design by: C. Cormack Gates Bison: Status Survey and Conservation Guidelines 2010. Gland, Switzerland: IUCN. Front cover photo: Plains bison bull tending a cow (photo Diane Hargreaves/Hargreavesphoto.com) Back cover photo: Wood bison cow with calf (photo Doug Lindstrand) Layout by: Amy Kelley Produced by: IUCN-SSC-American Bison Specialist Group Printed by: Insty Prints, Bozeman, Montana Available from: The websites of IUCN Publications Services, IUCN/Species Survival Commission, World Wildlife Fund, American Bison Society, and Wildlife Conservation Society iv American Bison: Status Survey and Conservation Guidelines 2010
Table of Contents Acknowledgements ..................................................................................................................................xi Authors, contributors and their affiliations .............................................................................................xii Acronyms ................................................................................................................................................xiii Executive Summary ................................................................................................................................. xv CHAPTER 1 Introduction: The Context ................................................................................................... 1 1.1 The Species Survival Commission and the American Bison Specialist Group ...................... 1 1.2 Context .................................................................................................................................. 1 1.3 Current Challenges for Conservation and Ecological Restoration of Bison as Wildlife ......... 2 1.4 Large Wild Populations ........................................................................................................... 2 1.5 Conserving the Wild Character and Genome of Bison............................................................ 3 1.6 Reportable Diseases ............................................................................................................... 4 1.7 Purpose of this Document ...................................................................................................... 4 CHAPTER 2 History of Bison in North America ...................................................................................... 5 2.1 Palaeobiology and Phylogeny ............................................................................................... 5 2.2 Original Range ........................................................................................................................ 6 2.3 Abundance .............................................................................................................................. 7 2.4 Extirpation .............................................................................................................................. 8 2.5 Early Recovery ........................................................................................................................ 8 2.6 Cultural Significance .............................................................................................................. 9 CHAPTER 3 Taxonomy and Nomenclature ............................................................................................13 3.1 An Historical Misnomer: Bison vs. Buffalo ............................................................................13 3.2 Genus: Bos vs. Bison .............................................................................................................13 3.3 Subspecies ...........................................................................................................................15 CHAPTER 4 Genetics ............................................................................................................................19 4.1 Reduction of Genetic Diversity ..............................................................................................19 4.2 Hybridisation .........................................................................................................................21 4.2.1 Plains bison x wood bison ..........................................................................................21 4.2.2 Domestic cattle x bison ..............................................................................................22 4.3 Domestication ........................................................................................................................24 CHAPTER 5 Reportable or Notifiable Diseases ....................................................................................27 5.1 Diseases of Conservation Concern .......................................................................................28 5.1.1 Anaplasmosis..............................................................................................................28 5.1.2 Anthrax .......................................................................................................................28 5.1.3 Bluetongue ..................................................................................................................29 American Bison: Status Survey and Conservation Guidelines 2010 v
Page 1 and 2: American Bison Status Survey and Co
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Page 7 and 8: 6.3 Demographics ..................
Page 9 and 10: 9.6 Active Management: Handling, He
Page 11 and 12: This manuscript is the product of m
Page 13 and 14: ABS American Bison Society ABSG Ame
Page 15 and 16: The publication of this IUCN Americ
Page 17 and 18: and foothills. Bison have a profoun
Page 19 and 20: Chapter 1 Introduction: The Context
Page 21 and 22: composition and function, as well a
Page 23 and 24: Chapter 2 History of Bison in North
Page 25 and 26: Figure 2.1 Original ranges of plain
Page 27 and 28: Charles Alloway (Manitoba), Charles
Page 29 and 30: nomadic “Plains Indian Culture”
Page 31 and 32: Chapter 3 Taxonomy and Nomenclature
Page 33 and 34: demonstrate that Bison and Bos were
Page 35 and 36: from their original habitat near th
Page 37 and 38: Chapter 4 Genetics As a science, po
Page 39 and 40: Selection for diversity in one syst
Page 41 and 42: cross, however, the latter is more
Page 43 and 44: the conservation of the wild specie
Page 45 and 46: Chapter 5 Reportable or Notifiable
Page 47 and 48: one) followed by its widespread dis
Page 49 and 50: cattle at similar levels to S19 (Ch
Page 51 and 52: long as 156 days post-infection. So
Page 53 and 54: and elk herds migrate across severa
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These concepts are being developed
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Chapter 6 General Biology, Ecology
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leave the herd prior to calving or
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historically dependent on a combina
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6.2.1.2.1 Northern mixed grasslands
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woodland caribou (Rangifer tarandus
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season: Wolfe and Kimball (1989) re
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Table 6.4 Age-specific reproductive
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6.3.4 Population growth rates The r
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Chapter 7 Numerical and Geographic
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Sixty-two plains bison and 11 wood
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Figure 7.4 Representation of plains
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Plate 7.3 Male plains bison sparrin
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Chapter 8 Legal Status, Policy Issu
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administrations, and the increasing
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Table 8.1 Current legal status of p
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Table 8.1 (continued) Country/ Stat
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8.4 Legal and Policy Obstacles Hind
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8.5 Overcoming Obstacles to the Eco
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indigenous peoples’ land (Dudley
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3) Develop outreach to state and fe
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8.5.5.3 Mexico Since the original r
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Chapter 9 Conservation Guidelines f
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animals are proportionately removed
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6. Maintenance number and growth ra
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4. Health and disease All attempts
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Table 9.4 Important considerations
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northern bison herds, managers shou
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may not have been validated. Testin
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2) A tendency to flee if approached
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2. Determine the required scope of
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Chapter 10 Guidelines for Ecologica
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• Creating education, awareness a
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10.3 The “Ecosystem Approach” f
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anywhere without engaging stakehold
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Interventions (e.g., supplemental f
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Agabriel, J. and Petit, M. 1996. Qu
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Byerly, R.M., Cooper, J.R., Meltzer
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Dragon D.C. and Rennie, R.P. 1995.
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Gilpin, M.E. and Soulé, M.E. 1986.
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Joern, A. 2005. Disturbance by fire
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Matthews, S.B. 1991. An assessment
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Possingham, H.P., Davies, I., Noble
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Shaw, J.H. 1995. How many bison ori
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van Zyll de Jong, C.G. 1986. A Syst
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Appendix A North American conservat
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Plains bison (continued) State/Prov
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INTERNATIONAL UNION FOR CONSERVATIO
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