American Bison - Buffalo Field Campaign

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Table 6.3 Ratios of select age classes:100 females among plains and wood bison populations. Subspecies Location Plains bison Wood bison Henry Mountains, UT Slave River, NWT Mackenzie Bison Sanctuary, NWT Mackenzie Bison Sanctuary, NWT Mink Lake, NWT Wood Buffalo (Delta Area), AB Period of Observation July or September weighted average 1977–1983 50 American Bison: Status Survey and Conservation Guidelines 2010 Adult Sub-adult Sub-adult Male Female Male Female Yearling Calves 54 100 43 53 Summer 1978 32 100 4 1 7 35 July 1993 78 100 July, unweighted average 1984–1998 July, unweighted average 1989–1998 Spring unweighted average 1989–1996 1995). Wallows may serve as focal areas for anthrax spores, and more frequent wallowing by adult males may contribute to greater mortality among adult males than adult females during outbreaks of the disease (Gates et al. 1995). Bison have died falling into hot pools and bogs. Accidental drowning of whole herds of bison by falling through thin ice in spring and fall has been reported (Roe 1970; Gates et al. 1991). Once bison break through lake or river ice, they are generally unable to haul themselves out and become trapped (Carbyn et al. 1993). Droughts and severe winters, alone or in combination, have led to episodic over-winter mortality in the absence of wolf predation in plains bison of the YNP central herd (Cheville et al. Figure 6.2 Age and sex class structure of wood bison at Mackenzie Bison Sanctuary, Northwest Territories, assuming an equal sex ratio among calves and yearlings (Gates et al. 1995). 100 22 41 100 30 51 100 20 36 Reference Van Vuren and Bray 1986 Van Camp and Calef 1987 Gates et al. 1995 Larter et al. 2000 Larter et al. 2000 Carbyn et al. 1998 1998; Green et al. 1997). Episodic droughts reduce late growing season forage quality and increase the probability of wildland fires that reduce the amount of winter forage available (Frank and McNaughton 1992). Simulations indicate that over-winter survival of YNP northern range bison is most strongly influenced
Table 6.4 Age-specific reproductive rates (%) of female plains and wood bison at select locations. Ages are female ages at time of birth of offspring (so, a female reported as pregnant at one year by necropsy is shown as giving birth at two years, her second birthday). Subspecies Location Plains bison Wood bison Wichita Mountains, OK Wichita Mountains, OK Age 2 years >2 years >3 years Reference 13 52 67 Halloran 1968 12 72 Shaw and Carter 1989 Fort Niobrara, NB 83 Wolff 1998 Henry Mountains, UT 52 62 Van Vuren and Bray 1986 Antelope Island, UT 46 Wolfe et al. 1999 National Bison Range, MT 86 Rutberg 1986 Konza Prairie, KS 66 – 79 Towne 1999 Badlands, SD 4 67 Wind Cave, SD 5 80 Yellowstone – Northern Herd, WY/MT Yellowstone – Central Herd, WY Yellowstone – mixed, WY Yellowstone – mixed, WY Wood Buffalo – Hays Camp, NWT Wood Buffalo – Lake Claire, AB Wood Buffalo, NWT and AB Wood Buffalo, NWT and AB Mackenzie Bison Sanctuary, NWT Berger and Cunningham 1994 Green 1990, Green and Rothstein 1991 40 Kirkpatrick et al. 1996 52 Kirkpatrick et al. 1996 73 Pac and Frey 1991 79 Meyer and Meagher 1995 4 53 Fuller 1962 12 76 Fuller 1962 76* 70** Joly and Messier 2004 43 Carbyn et al. 1993 70 Gates and Larter 1990 * no disease ** infected with brucellosis and bovine tuberculosis American Bison: Status Survey and Conservation Guidelines 2010 51
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American Bison Status Survey and Co
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American Bison Status Survey and Co
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Table of Contents Acknowledgements
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6.3 Demographics ..................
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9.6 Active Management: Handling, He
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This manuscript is the product of m
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ABS American Bison Society ABSG Ame
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The publication of this IUCN Americ
Page 17 and 18: and foothills. Bison have a profoun
Page 19 and 20: Chapter 1 Introduction: The Context
Page 21 and 22: composition and function, as well a
Page 23 and 24: Chapter 2 History of Bison in North
Page 25 and 26: Figure 2.1 Original ranges of plain
Page 27 and 28: Charles Alloway (Manitoba), Charles
Page 29 and 30: nomadic “Plains Indian Culture”
Page 31 and 32: Chapter 3 Taxonomy and Nomenclature
Page 33 and 34: demonstrate that Bison and Bos were
Page 35 and 36: from their original habitat near th
Page 37 and 38: Chapter 4 Genetics As a science, po
Page 39 and 40: Selection for diversity in one syst
Page 41 and 42: cross, however, the latter is more
Page 43 and 44: the conservation of the wild specie
Page 45 and 46: Chapter 5 Reportable or Notifiable
Page 47 and 48: one) followed by its widespread dis
Page 49 and 50: cattle at similar levels to S19 (Ch
Page 51 and 52: long as 156 days post-infection. So
Page 53 and 54: and elk herds migrate across severa
Page 55 and 56: These concepts are being developed
Page 57 and 58: Chapter 6 General Biology, Ecology
Page 59 and 60: leave the herd prior to calving or
Page 61 and 62: historically dependent on a combina
Page 63 and 64: 6.2.1.2.1 Northern mixed grasslands
Page 65 and 66: woodland caribou (Rangifer tarandus
Page 67: season: Wolfe and Kimball (1989) re
Page 71 and 72: 6.3.4 Population growth rates The r
Page 73 and 74: Chapter 7 Numerical and Geographic
Page 75 and 76: Sixty-two plains bison and 11 wood
Page 77 and 78: Figure 7.4 Representation of plains
Page 79 and 80: Plate 7.3 Male plains bison sparrin
Page 81 and 82: Chapter 8 Legal Status, Policy Issu
Page 83 and 84: administrations, and the increasing
Page 85 and 86: Table 8.1 Current legal status of p
Page 87 and 88: Table 8.1 (continued) Country/ Stat
Page 93 and 94: 8.4 Legal and Policy Obstacles Hind
Page 95 and 96: 8.5 Overcoming Obstacles to the Eco
Page 97 and 98: indigenous peoples’ land (Dudley
Page 99 and 100: 3) Develop outreach to state and fe
Page 101 and 102: 8.5.5.3 Mexico Since the original r
Page 103 and 104: Chapter 9 Conservation Guidelines f
Page 105 and 106: animals are proportionately removed
Page 107 and 108: 6. Maintenance number and growth ra
Page 109 and 110: 4. Health and disease All attempts
Page 111 and 112: Table 9.4 Important considerations
Page 113 and 114: northern bison herds, managers shou
Page 115 and 116: may not have been validated. Testin
Page 117 and 118: 2) A tendency to flee if approached
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2. Determine the required scope of
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Chapter 10 Guidelines for Ecologica
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• Creating education, awareness a
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10.3 The “Ecosystem Approach” f
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anywhere without engaging stakehold
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Interventions (e.g., supplemental f
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Agabriel, J. and Petit, M. 1996. Qu
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Byerly, R.M., Cooper, J.R., Meltzer
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Dragon D.C. and Rennie, R.P. 1995.
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Gilpin, M.E. and Soulé, M.E. 1986.
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Joern, A. 2005. Disturbance by fire
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Matthews, S.B. 1991. An assessment
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Possingham, H.P., Davies, I., Noble
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Shaw, J.H. 1995. How many bison ori
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van Zyll de Jong, C.G. 1986. A Syst
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Appendix A North American conservat
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Plains bison (continued) State/Prov
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INTERNATIONAL UNION FOR CONSERVATIO
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