Technical Reports Parts C,D - ICPDR

146 Danube Pollution Reduction Programme – National Review, Ukraine
compliance with clearly established norms and practices with requirements relating to
utilization of pesticides, herbicides and fertilizers set forth by sanitary and environmental
surveillance authorities;
restricted utilization and mandatory sanitary and environmental control over upscale,
medium- and low toxic chemicals having no cumulative purposes in crop-growing areas
that are adjacent to the water protective zones;
prevention in all case of rinsing or washing of pesticide casks in bodies of water of
releases of water polluted by chemicals and of rests of chemicals into them;
broad implementation of specific agricultural engineering arrangement in order to reduce
the volumes of fertilizers and other chemicals being washed away and released into
bodies of water;
environmental education of agricultural workers, comprehensive environmental
awareness at each agricultural utility and enterprise, farm and in the country in general.
It is necessary to place particular emphasis on the issue of treating and making non-poisonous
sewage water and domestic effluents generated by rural communities, by agricultural industrial
utilities, by cattle-breeding complexes and farms, which consume constantly growing volumes of
water. Although these utilities are spread over large territories, still their effluents pollute and exert
negative effluence on the quality of surface water sources. By the way, these are the relatively
small agricultural industrial utilities, in particular of food industry, located in the county and in
principal community centers that often cause the most damages to rivers, lakes, and water
reservoirs. As opposed to big enterprises, which have in place reliable water recycling systems and
operating powerful clean-up facilities, the smaller ones do not have them in operation as a rule.
That is why all their liquid effluents featuring a complete set of toxic and hazardous substances
enter the bodies of water.
The principal neutralization techniques are biological clean-up facilities, filtration fields and cropgrowing
reclaimed fields. In particular, one should operate so called small clean-up facilities -
biological filters, oxidation channels, artificial lakes for biological clean-up, which are able to
process 500-700 m 3 per day and manifest not only operational conveniences but also high quality
of operation.
While commissioning processing plants, utilities and enterprises that serve the agricultural sector of
economics in the country, one should obligatorily envisage clean-up facilities, sewage water
recycling systems and non-sewage water generating water supply systems. The treatment of
sewage water, generated by the food industry utilities can efficiently take place immediately in
irritable areas taking into account soil, hydraulic and geological conditions, the state of effluents to
process, peculiarities of water balance and of irrigation along the seasons. Recently the waste
generated by cattle breeding has been utilized as fertilizers and small farms have not been equipped
with clean-up facilities and sewage. This practices cause presently enormous pollution volumes;
sometime these are commensurate with the volumes of sewage water generated by towns and
cities. Besides, the sewage water generated by cattle-breeding complexes and farms contain 2,5
times more biological hazardous substances than urban domestic waste. Subsequently, such utilities
should obligatory have in place efficient clean-up facilities.
The techniques to treat and render harmless the sewage water generated by similar utilities depend
on the manufacturing ways and the conditions of the environment. If the areas is rich in agrarian
lands where fodder plant are cultivated or in forest the sewage water can be utilized for reclamation
or soil fertilization purposes.