COMPLETE DOCUMENT (1862 kb) - OECD Nuclear Energy Agency

More documents

Recommendations

Info

3. DESCRIPTION OF CURRENT TRENDS IN P&T RESEARCH 3.1 Current R&D activities Since the launching of the OMEGA programme in Japan in 1988, an interest in P&T option has been renewed throughout the world. France and Japan have set up comprehensive study and experimental programmes. In France the SPIN programme comprising the PURETEX and the ACTINEX phases is part of a global waste management strategy established by law. During the past decade, the OMEGA programme has steadily progressed in the field of partitioning, reactor- and accelerator-driven transmutation and will be reviewed in the near future by the Japanese authorities. C. An extensive overview of the OMEGA and SPIN programmes is given in the Annexes B and 3.1.1 OMEGA programme In 1973, the Japan Atomic Industry Forum published the report on the waste management of long-lived nuclides after two years of assessment studies by groups of scientists and engineers in Japan. The report entitled “A closed system for radioactivity” pointed out the importance of research and development for partitioning and transmutation (P&T) of long-lived radionuclides as a long-term strategy for waste management. Japan Atomic Energy Research Institute (JAERI), the Japan Nuclear Cycle Development Institute (JNC) and the Central Research Institute of Electric Power Industry (CRIEPI) proposed to initiate a major R&D programme based on their studies. The development of the technology was deemed to be an interesting subject for ongoing investigation from the perspectives of possible long-term advances in radioactive waste management and potential utilisation of resources. In 1987, Japan’s Atomic Energy Commission (AEC) concluded that the potential benefits from the use of some elements among the fission products, and from recycling minor actinides for power generation, could be achieved provided that a well planned, efficient and effective R&D programme could be formulated. The AEC then submitted in October 1988 a report entitled “Long-Term Programme for Research and Development on Nuclide Partitioning and Transmutation Technology”, which plots a course for technological development up to the year 2000. The programme is called “OMEGA” which is the acronym derived from Options Making Extra Gains from Actinides and fission products. The R&D programmes comprise effort by JAERI, JNC and CRIEPI. 180
In January 1989, the Japanese government (represented by Science and Technology Agency; STA) proposed an international co-operation for information exchange to cover the areas of nuclear physics, reactor physics, advanced process technologies and physico-chemical characterisation relevant to P&T technology under the auspices of the OECD Nuclear Energy Agency. The OMEGA-programme is to be proceeded in two steps: the phase I was originally intended to cover a period up to about 1996, and the phase-II to about 2000. In general, the basic studies and researches are to be conducted in the phase-I to evaluate various concepts and to develop required technologies. In the phase-II, engineering tests of technological or demonstration of concepts are planned. After 2000, pilot facilities will be built to demonstrate the P&T technology. The first check and review of the phase-I of the programme was scheduled in late 1998. Following items are being studied: • physical and chemical properties of minor actinides and fission products; • partitioning of high-level liquid waste from reprocessing process and recovery of useful metals; • transmutation: nuclear and fuel property data of minor actinides, system design study, reactor fuel and accelerator target development, and development of a high power accelerator for transmutation. JAERI has been developing technologies for a dedicated partitioning process and transmutation system based on the double strata fuel cycle concept. JNC has been devoting its major efforts to develop an advanced fuel cycle system with TRUEX process for U, Pu and MA co-extraction and with MOX-FBR for transmutation. CRIEPI has been developing an advanced recycle technology based on pyroprocess and on metallic-fuel FBR. 3.1.2 SPIN programme The SPIN programme was launched by the CEA in 1992 following the law voted by the French Parliament in December 1991, concerning highly active and long-lived radioactive waste management. The law identifies three axis for further research in this field, in order to investigate and to assess before 2006 the different possible ways (P&T, geological disposal, long-term interim storage); the SPIN programme is the answer to the first axis of the law, concerning the investigation and the assessment of the possible routes for partitioning and transmutation of long-lived radionuclides. The programme is supported by the French Government, and also by industrial operators (EDF and COGEMA mainly). The results obtained are annually submitted for examination to the French National Assessment Committee, instituted by the law. The management of irradiated fuels in France was described by EDF at Global’95. It favours the recovery of plutonium from irradiated UO 2 fuels and its recycling in MOX for eventually twenty-eight 900 MWe-PWRs. After that, the resulting reprocessing wastes no longer contain significant amount of plutonium. The minor actinides (Am, Cm, Np) and the fission products, including long-lived (> 30 years), are currently vitrified and stored. The spent fuel in excess (mainly MOX) will also be temporarily stored. 181
Page 1 and 2:
TABLE OF CONTENTS EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
Page 3 and 4:
TABLE DES MATIÈRES NOTE DE SYNTHÈ
Page 5 and 6:
PART II. TECHNICAL ANALYSIS AND SYS
Page 7 and 8:
4. IMPACT OF P&T ON RISK ASSESSMENT
Page 9 and 10:
Figure II.31 Evolution of the expec
Page 11 and 12:
Part II: Technical analysis and sys
Page 13 and 14:
There are several scenarios which c
Page 15 and 16:
eactor concepts are still in the co
Page 17 and 18:
intermediate storage management, th
Page 20 and 21:
1. INTRODUCTION 1.1 Involvement of
Page 22:
and natural decay play an important
Page 25 and 26:
Figure I.2 A schematic diagram of b
Page 27 and 28:
Instead of recycling, one could ado
Page 29 and 30:
to address there is the separation
Page 31 and 32:
improvement of the biological shiel
Page 33 and 34:
Figure I.3 A schematic diagram of t
Page 35 and 36:
Figure1.5 A notional materials flow
Page 37 and 38:
A few specific regulatory and safet
Page 39 and 40:
• irradiation of FR-fuel in Fast
Page 41 and 42:
dispersion in the geosphere or bios
Page 43 and 44:
In the meantime the burn-up of spen
Page 45 and 46:
Any reprocessing campaign of spent
Page 48 and 49:
4. CRITICAL EVALUATION • P&T may
Page 50:
5. GENERAL CONCLUSIONS • Fundamen
Page 54 and 55:
NOTE DE SYNTHÈSE ET PORTÉE DU RAP
Page 56 and 57:
Présentation générale Cette part
Page 58 and 59:
courts. L’application de cette te
Page 60 and 61:
éalisable, à condition d’augmen
Page 62:
PREMIÈRE PARTIE : PRÉSENTATION G
Page 65 and 66:
La troisième réunion internationa
Page 67 and 68:
1.5 Objectifs du rapport Dans l’e
Page 69 and 70:
Figure I.1 Schéma de principe du c
Page 71 and 72:
• l ’241 Am est le précurseur
Page 73 and 74:
plutonium et environ 2 m 3 de déch
Page 75 and 76:
2.3 Technologie de fabrication des
Page 77:
cadre de la coopération EFTTRA ont
Page 80 and 81:
On peut voir sur la Figure I.4 les
Page 82 and 83:
Figure I.4 Flux de matières dans u
Page 84 and 85:
À court terme, les produits de fis
Page 86 and 87:
Par conséquent, au cas où l’on
Page 88 and 89:
De nombreux laboratoires dans le mo
Page 90 and 91:
usé devrait représenter environ 3
Page 92 and 93:
le nucléide le plus gênant est le
Page 94 and 95:
transuraniens. Pour obtenir un taux
Page 96 and 97:
On peut considérer des opérations
Page 98 and 99:
devrait en principe ouvrir de nouve
Page 101:
5. CONCLUSIONS GÉNÉRALES • La m
Page 105:
PART II: TECHNICAL ANALYSIS AND SYS
Page 108 and 109:
1.1.1.1 Minor actinides Americium a
Page 110 and 111:
thus preventing its dispersion in t
Page 112 and 113:
By contrast, information about the
Page 114 and 115:
DIDPA [5] (see Figure II.3) process
Page 116 and 117:
The generation of secondary effluen
Page 118 and 119:
Figure II.5 TRPO process TRPO solve
Page 120 and 121:
According to Jarvinen et al. in LAN
Page 122 and 123:
curium. • Separation of americium
Page 124 and 125: 1.1.4.4 Separation of technetium an
Page 126 and 127: The second option is production of
Page 128 and 129: Figure II.9 Fuel cycle actinide bur
Page 130 and 131: Figure II.11 Flow sheet of pyro-rep
Page 132 and 133: The metathetical reaction between L
Page 134 and 135: This is confirmed by the radiotoxic
Page 136 and 137: For the same burn-up as in the pure
Page 138 and 139: planned for a burn-up range of 1.5
Page 140 and 141: On the basis of the study, it is no
Page 142 and 143: In a given reactor system, the diff
Page 144 and 145: - deterioration of the effectivenes
Page 146 and 147: Table II.5 Mass balances for homoge
Page 148 and 149: manufacture is 2 years. 12×24 targ
Page 150 and 151: Figure II.14 MA-loading methods in
Page 152 and 153: Table II.7 Mass balances for homoge
Page 154 and 155: Table II.8 Mass balances for hetero
Page 156 and 157: Core characteristics above: The fol
Page 158 and 159: Figure II.15 Concept of double stra
Page 160 and 161: Figure II.16 Concept of accelerator
Page 162 and 163: In Reference [99], the sodium coole
Page 164 and 165: In Germany, some small activities r
Page 166 and 167: OECD/NEA programmes The OECD/NEA Nu
Page 168 and 169: As a part of MA nuclear data evalua
Page 170 and 171: Table II.13 Pu and minor actinide b
Page 172 and 173: 2.4.1.3 Transmutation in light wate
Page 176 and 177: The SPIN programme studied various
Page 178 and 179: • the RP1-2 scenario is compared
Page 180 and 181: Mass balance The MA mass balance, f
Page 182 and 183: 4. IMPACT OF P&T ON RISK ASSESSMENT
Page 184 and 185: For deterministic effects, in the c
Page 186 and 187: • accounting for a number of safe
Page 188 and 189: Table II.17 Effective dose coeffici
Page 190 and 191: MOX fuel and recycling of recovered
Page 192 and 193: Figure II.22 Potential radioactivit
Page 194 and 195: Moreover, plutonium recycling and m
Page 196 and 197: Curium is assumed to be stored for
Page 198 and 199: Figure II.25 shows the radiotoxicit
Page 200 and 201: decrease is obtained in the radioto
Page 202 and 203: 4.4 Risk and hazard assessment over
Page 204 and 205: 4.4.2 Radiological impact of waste
Page 206 and 207: 0.191 man-Sv/TWhe and the RFC with
Page 208 and 209: • conventional reprocessing does
Page 210 and 211: The maximum inventory of reactor co
Page 212 and 213: pursued. Since 137 Cs and 90 Sr are
Page 214 and 215: Figure II.26 Surface facilities. Ge
Page 216 and 217: Doses are controlled by 36 Cl up to
Page 218 and 219: Figure II.30 Overview of the canist
Page 220 and 221: surface. The reference repository i
Page 222 and 223: Figure II.34 Cavern-convection scen
Page 224 and 225:
Figure II.36 Normal evolution scena
Page 226 and 227:
considerable energy release as a re
Page 228 and 229:
• taking into account the potenti
Page 230 and 231:
• on the subject of transmutation
Page 232 and 233:
[12] Arnaud-Neu, F., et al., “Cal
Page 234 and 235:
Fuel”, Proc. Int. Conf. on Future
Page 236 and 237:
[64] Arai, T., Suzuki, Y., Handa, M
Page 238 and 239:
[88] Murata, H., and Mukaiyama, T.,
Page 240 and 241:
[117] Gudowski, W., “Accelerator-
Page 242 and 243:
[146] D’angelo, A., Marimbeau, P.
Page 244 and 245:
[172] OECD/NEA and IAEA, Uranium: R
Page 246:
[202] Schmidt, E., Zamorani, E., Ha
show all

COMPLETE DOCUMENT (1862 kb) - OECD Nuclear Energy Agency

You also want an ePaper? Increase the reach of your titles

Delete template?

Save as template?