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PART I: GENERAL OVERVIEW 25
Page 1 and 2: TABLE OF CONTENTS EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
Page 3 and 4: TABLE DES MATIÈRES NOTE DE SYNTHÈ
Page 5 and 6: PART II. TECHNICAL ANALYSIS AND SYS
Page 7 and 8: 4. IMPACT OF P&T ON RISK ASSESSMENT
Page 9 and 10: Figure II.31 Evolution of the expec
Page 11 and 12: Part II: Technical analysis and sys
Page 13 and 14: There are several scenarios which c
Page 15 and 16: eactor concepts are still in the co
Page 17: intermediate storage management, th
Page 21 and 22: The fourth International Informatio
Page 24 and 25: 2. STATUS AND EXPECTATION OF P&T TE
Page 26 and 27: The number of recycling steps in an
Page 28 and 29: eactors are treated to recover uran
Page 30 and 31: membranes. By Cs permeation through
Page 32 and 33: 3. DESCRIPTION OF THE FUEL CYCLES D
Page 34 and 35: Figure I.4 A materials flowsheet fo
Page 36 and 37: 3.1.4 Double strata fuel cycle A co
Page 38 and 39: Some years ago, the recycling in LW
Page 40 and 41: decontamination factor of more than
Page 42 and 43: 3.2.3.5 Quantitative recycling of U
Page 44 and 45: 3.2.3.9 Fast burner reactors (FBuR)
Page 46: The simultaneous production of 99 T
Page 49 and 50: • Transmutation is a general term
Page 52: REFERENCES [1] Proceedings: Informa
Page 55 and 56: • Analyse critique afin de dégag
Page 57 and 58: Comme les fractions soluble et inso
Page 59 and 60: les techniques pyrochimiques, même
Page 61 and 62: Le bilan massique global des actini
Page 64 and 65: 1. INTRODUCTION 1.1 Activités de l
Page 66 and 67: pourraient être incinérés. En pr
Page 68 and 69:
2. ÉTAT ACTUEL ET PERSPECTIVES DES
Page 70 and 71:
l’heure actuelle, des réacteurs
Page 72 and 73:
Le technétium présent sous une se
Page 74 and 75:
moins contraignantes vis à vis du
Page 76 and 77:
2.3.2 Actinides mineurs Le recyclag
Page 79 and 80:
3. DESCRIPTION DES CYCLES DU COMBUS
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Figure I.3 Schéma du cycle du comb
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Figure I.5 Flux de matières théor
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La séparation des actinides mineur
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• Retraitement du combustible RNR
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notamment sur les nucléides suivan
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usines de retraitement reçoivent l
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augmentant la concentration relativ
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éussir cette entreprise très oné
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4. ANALYSE CRITIQUE • Dans l’in
Page 99:
thermalisées de réacteurs rapides
Page 103:
RÉFÉRENCES [1] Proceedings: Infor
Page 107 and 108:
1. PARTITIONING 1.1 Aqueous separat
Page 109 and 110:
Figure II.1 Behaviour of long-lived
Page 111 and 112:
1.1.2 Improved separation of long-l
Page 113 and 114:
HDEHP Yang et al. of KAERI [6] demo
Page 115 and 116:
Figure II.3 DIDPA process Feed (HNO
Page 117 and 118:
A computer code of the TRUEX proces
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Figure II.6 DIAMEX process Feed sol
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1.1.3.3 Americium/curium separation
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waste because the material used for
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Three phases can be distinguished:
Page 127 and 128:
Figure II.8 Schematic presentation
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This recycling system can be operat
Page 131 and 132:
Figure II.12 Flow sheet of pyrochem
Page 133 and 134:
2. TRANSMUTATION 2.1 Introduction N
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2.2 Target and fuel fabrication tec
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In France, one complete subassembly
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applied to uranium-plutonium mixed
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measured transmutation yields were
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• The neutron consumption of the
Page 145 and 146:
In the presence of minor actinides,
Page 147 and 148:
must be stable under irradiation, f
Page 149 and 150:
2.3.3 Transmutation of minor actini
Page 151 and 152:
So, the initial content of minor ac
Page 153 and 154:
whereas the proportion of rare eart
Page 155 and 156:
Table II.9 Irradiation of americium
Page 157 and 158:
Table II.10 Core performance at the
Page 159 and 160:
Table II.11 Reactor design paramete
Page 161 and 162:
Spallation target Reliable nuclear
Page 163 and 164:
Review of the existing projects Act
Page 165 and 166:
Swedish activities [117] Research o
Page 167 and 168:
As regards the fast spectra, result
Page 169 and 170:
Plutonium recycling in MOX with enr
Page 171 and 172:
Transmutation of 99 Tc or 129 I to
Page 173 and 174:
Similar calculations were made for
Page 175 and 176:
In January 1989, the Japanese gover
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As a conclusion, the SPIN studies s
Page 179 and 180:
Figure II.17 Radiotoxicity balances
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Figure II.18 Effect of transmutatio
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At low doses, it is considered that
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This being said, prudence is the wa
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data are not of direct application
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10 17 10 16 10 15 10 14 10 13 Actin
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Figure II.21 Potential radioactivit
Page 193 and 194:
Figure II.23 Radiotoxic inventory o
Page 195 and 196:
Since these reactor systems all hav
Page 197 and 198:
Table II.20 Reactor inventories in
Page 199 and 200:
Table II.22 Masses in wastes (kg/TW
Page 201 and 202:
4.3.2 Impact of separated nuclides
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Some gains can also be made in the
Page 205 and 206:
Aqueous discharge Table II.23 Radio
Page 207 and 208:
The Cm issue is more complex since
Page 209 and 210:
Table II.26 Annual discharge of TRU
Page 211 and 212:
11.4 kg/tHM for UO 2 fuel (factor 3
Page 213 and 214:
The choice of the long-term cut-off
Page 215 and 216:
The disposal geometry to be selecte
Page 217 and 218:
are placed in deposition holes dril
Page 219 and 220:
Figure II.31 Evolution of the expec
Page 221 and 222:
Figure II.33 Evolution of the indiv
Page 223 and 224:
eactions by alternative irradiation
Page 225 and 226:
4.6 Criticality safety Typical LWR
Page 227 and 228:
5. COMMENTARY ON EXISTING P&T SYSTE
Page 229 and 230:
The main conclusions of these US re
Page 231 and 232:
REFERENCES [1] Ozawa, M., et al.,
Page 233 and 234:
and Potassium Ferricyanide”, 4th
Page 235 and 236:
[52] Akabori, M., et al., “Nitrid
Page 237 and 238:
[77] Lelièvre, D., et al., Nuclear
Page 239 and 240:
[101] Sasa, T., et al., “Conceptu
Page 241 and 242:
[131] Proceedings of the NEA-NSC Wo
Page 243 and 244:
[159] Harada, H., et al., “Nuclea
Page 245 and 246:
[187] Baetslé, L.H. and De Raedt,
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