Bridging the Gap: linking timber trade with infrastructural ...

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Coast Region has a total forest area of 2 436 839 ha out of which 330 144 ha are reserved and the remaining 2 106 695 ha fall under open public forests. The region has a total of 31 Forest Reserves, two Game Reserves and five Game Controlled Areas. Rufiji District contains 13 central government Forest Reserves and three of the region’s local authority Forest Reserves (Table 40). Together, they total some 150 420 ha. Coast Region also includes the Rufiji Delta, which holds some 53 255 ha of mangrove forest, the largest such stand in East Africa (Semesi, 1992). Development plans in the Coast Region acknowledge that forests have indirect and direct contributions to the society with strong linkages to community livelihoods. According to the Regional Commissioner’s 1997 report, most of the forests in Coast Region - especially the open public forests - are in danger of being heavily depleted due to widespread deforestation, shifting agriculture and uncontrolled forest fires (Anon., 1997f). Table 40 Distribution of Forest Reserves by district in Coast Region District Number of Forest Reserves Owned by central govt. Owned by local auth. Total Area (ha) Bagamoyo 6 0 6 77 235 Kibaha 1 0 1 31 930 Kisarawe 4 0 4 Mkuranga 3 0 3 67 559 Rufiji 13 3 16 150 420 Mafia 1 0 1 3 000 Total 28 3 31 330 144 Sources: Anon. (1998a); Anon. (2000a,b,c); Anon. (1997f). In 1996, there were around 3200 local beekeepers in Coast Region who own more than 20 000 local or traditional beehives, and about 1379 modern or transitional beehives with a capacity of producing an average of 800 tonnes of honey and 80 tonnes of beeswax in one year (Anon., 1997f). The availability of forests and trees in farmland provide good beekeeping opportunities in the Coast Region. However, the real potential of beekeeping in the region has not been fully realized, with only around 29 000 kg honey and 1560 kg beeswax produced annually. Popular tourist attractions include game viewing, beach resorts, diving, sport hunting and historical sites. Lindi Region Lindi Region covers an area of 67 000 km 2 and is divided into six districts, 28 divisions, 116 wards and 365 villages (Table 41). In year 2000, the population of Lindi Region was projected to be around 803 938 people with an average density of 12 people per km 2 . The average household size in the region is 4.7. In 1996, Lindi Region had a total of 340 primary schools and 15 secondary schools, mostly in Lindi (Table 42). 115
Table 41 Demographic information for districts in Lindi Region District Area km 2 Popn. 1988 census Annual popn. growth rate % 1988 Population 2000 projections Projected popn. density per km 2 in 2000 Administrative Units Division Ward Village Kilwa 13 920 150 212 1.4 177 485 12.8 6 21 74 Lindi Rural 7 538 197 917 0.7 215 198 28.5 10 28 121 Ruangwa 2 080 86 407 0.7 92 951 45.2 3 12 62 Nachingwea 7 070 118 017 2.1 151 445 21.4 5 27 65 Liwale 36 084 52 211 3.1 75 313 2.1 3 15 39 Lindi Urban 308 41 581 6.7 90 546 294.0 1 13 4 Total 67 000 646 345 2.0 803 938 12.0 28 116 365 Source: Anon. (1997g). Table 42 Education and health facilities in Lindi Region, 1996 Facility Lindi (U) Lindi (R) and Ruangwa DISTRICT Nachingwea Kilwa Liwale Total Primary Schools 13 138 70 84 35 340 Secondary Schools 3 5 3 3 1 15 Hospitals 1 1 2 2 1 7 Rural Health Centre 0 7 1 4 0 12 Dispensaries 9 44 17 34 16 120 Source: Anon. (1997g). Lindi Region experiences a hot and humid rainy season from November/December to April/May and a cool, less humid, dry season from June to October. The pattern of rainfall peaks in April with mean rainfall ranging from 774 mm to 1191 mm per year. Air temperatures are slightly higher along the coast than inland, with the monthly mean ranging from 27.7 o C at Kilwa in March to 22.2 o C at Nachingwea in July. Relative humidity is highest in the coastal area, averaging 87% in Lindi town during March and April (Anon., 1997g). The main economic activity in the region is agriculture, which employs over 90% of the population. Subsistence agriculture contributes 60% of the GDP followed by natural resources, which contributes 27% (Table 43). The main food crops cultivated in Lindi Region are maize, sorghum, cassava and rice. In general, the region has not attained self-sufficiency in terms of its annual food requirements with noted deficiencies both in cereals and protein supply. Cashew nut and sunflower are the major cash crops grown in Lindi Region. Lindi Region commands the best production of sunflower in Tanzania (accounting for approximately 72%), and contributed 15% of the total cashew nut production in the country during 1996, ranking second to Mtwara. Livestock and industry are underdeveloped in the region. Due to low employment opportunities in the region, a high number of youth prefer to migrate from rural areas to towns as far away as Dar es Salaam (Milliken, 1999). 116
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Published by TRAFFIC East/Southern
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CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 3 ABBREVI
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This study was mad
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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY The close relatio
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guidance from central and district
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The National Forest Policy (1998) s
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However, significant changes in dev
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METHODOLOGY This study was conducte
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Field Research Research assistants
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Table 2 Types of analyses made amon
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south bank (1270 m 3 ). Therefore,
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commenced in 1986 have converted th
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The majority of reserved forests an
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Degradation of forests and deforest
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medicinal plants for curing illness
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STUDY AREA OVERVIEW The study area
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The coastal forests found in the st
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Data on harvest licences covering a
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Figure 8 Sawn wood and logs shipped
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eported to be very low, with most s
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ound wood from the study area. Over
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Species harvested in 2001, but not
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checkpoint records from Kibiti, stu
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Figure 13 Main species processed by
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Two species, Swartzia madagascarens
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melanoxylon (Class I), Milicia exce
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A few species have shown particular
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The frequency distributions of leng
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HARVEST AREAS, DESTINATIONS, MARKET
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Major harvest areas in Lindi Region
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licences show how MI (Ltd.), the la
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Figure 26 Off-road logging truck ro
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Table 25 Total number of vehicles r
Page 68 and 69: Seasonal variations in timber trade
Page 70 and 71: Figure 35 Total timber shipments fr
Page 72 and 73: Figure 37 Volumes (m 3 ) of Pteroca
Page 74 and 75: Hymenaea verrucosa (Gum copal tree,
Page 76 and 77: Figure 43 Volumes (m 3 ) of Dalberg
Page 78 and 79: Charcoal shipments Official data on
Page 80 and 81: Figure 47 Quantities of charcoal (b
Page 82 and 83: Table 32 Proportion of selected woo
Page 84 and 85: DISCUSSION Evidence of linkages bet
Page 86 and 87: fees, applying ‘minimum breath he
Page 88 and 89: saw millers and traders from Dar es
Page 90 and 91: are indicated on the licences. For
Page 92 and 93: RECOMMENDATIONS Costs of not taking
Page 94 and 95: Table 35. Monitoring indicators inc
Page 96 and 97: DESCRIPTION OF INDICATOR BASELINE D
Page 98 and 99: DESCRIPTION OF INDICATOR BASELINE D
Page 100 and 101: (Figure 51). Regulatory options to
Page 102 and 103: Alternative energy sources Accounti
Page 104 and 105: Anon. (1999g). Tanzania Country Str
Page 106 and 107: De Waal, D. (2001). Setting Precend
Page 108 and 109: Milliken, J. (1999). Youth migrants
Page 110 and 111: ANNEXES Annex 1 Tanzania industrial
Page 112 and 113: However, forests outside Forest Res
Page 114 and 115: arks at TZS 2000 (USD 1.95) per kg
Page 116 and 117: mm and relatively unreliable. The h
Page 120 and 121: Table 43 Sectoral contribution to L
Page 122 and 123: Annex 5. Sample checkpoint form for
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