Bridging the Gap: linking timber trade with infrastructural ...

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Charcoal shipments Official data on charcoal shipped from the study area to Zanzibar were not available. However, observations and reports from villagers showed that a substantial amount of charcoal was shipped to Zanzibar illegally using dhows, especially from small ports in Kilwa District. The demand for charcoal in Zanzibar is reported to be high in the face of declining natural forests on the island (Mwampamba, 2002). In 1989, charcoal consumption in Zanzibar was estimated to be 7460 t per year, but by 1999 the consumption had increased to 40 640 t per year. Sustainability of charcoal production in Zanzibar from natural forests and trees in farmland (e.g. old mango trees) is reported to be low, driving increased demand for charcoal from the mainland, most of which is delivered through informal channels. Sources, trade routes and markets for charcoal Charcoal production in the study areas was mainly taking place in Rufiji District, accounting for over 98% of the total charcoal produced and recorded by district authorities. The high level of charcoal production in Rufiji District is heavily influenced by the high demand in Dar es Salaam, where 65% of households use charcoal (Jambiya, 1999). Visual observations and GIS mapping showed that within Rufiji District, the Rufiji River strongly demarcated where charcoal production and trade was taking place. The majority of charcoal production is currently taking place on the northern side of river although this is expected to change after completion of the bridge (Figure 45). Figure 45 Location and relative size of charcoal retail outlets north of the Rufiji River, October 2001 75
According to Kibiti natural resource checkpoint records, the main charcoal production areas in Rufiji District include Ngulakula, Mng’aru, Ngumburuni Forest Reserve, Kimbuga and Mkupuka (Figure 46). However, smaller quantities of charcoal were also reported to have originated from Nachingwea, Kilwa, Lindi and Mtwara Districts. Charcoal retail outlets were also recorded on the outskirts of Lindi town during October 2001. Despite the ban on charcoal production in Forest Reserves within Rufiji District, charcoal production is still continuing. Figure 46 Main source areas for charcoal in Rufiji District, 2001 Note: Number of neighbours = 20; power = 2; contour interval = 100. Normally, 7-10 t trucks carry between 100 and 120 charcoal bags. Records from Kibiti checkpoint also revealed that charcoal production and sale was most active during the dry months between May and December (Figure 47). 76
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Published by TRAFFIC East/Southern
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CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 3 ABBREVI
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This study was mad
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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY The close relatio
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guidance from central and district
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The National Forest Policy (1998) s
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However, significant changes in dev
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METHODOLOGY This study was conducte
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Field Research Research assistants
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Table 2 Types of analyses made amon
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south bank (1270 m 3 ). Therefore,
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commenced in 1986 have converted th
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The majority of reserved forests an
Page 28 and 29: Degradation of forests and deforest
Page 30 and 31: medicinal plants for curing illness
Page 32 and 33: STUDY AREA OVERVIEW The study area
Page 34 and 35: The coastal forests found in the st
Page 36 and 37: Data on harvest licences covering a
Page 38 and 39: Figure 8 Sawn wood and logs shipped
Page 40 and 41: eported to be very low, with most s
Page 42 and 43: ound wood from the study area. Over
Page 44 and 45: Species harvested in 2001, but not
Page 46 and 47: checkpoint records from Kibiti, stu
Page 48 and 49: Figure 13 Main species processed by
Page 50 and 51: Two species, Swartzia madagascarens
Page 52 and 53: melanoxylon (Class I), Milicia exce
Page 54 and 55: A few species have shown particular
Page 56 and 57: The frequency distributions of leng
Page 58 and 59: HARVEST AREAS, DESTINATIONS, MARKET
Page 60 and 61: Major harvest areas in Lindi Region
Page 62 and 63: licences show how MI (Ltd.), the la
Page 64 and 65: Figure 26 Off-road logging truck ro
Page 66 and 67: Table 25 Total number of vehicles r
Page 68 and 69: Seasonal variations in timber trade
Page 70 and 71: Figure 35 Total timber shipments fr
Page 72 and 73: Figure 37 Volumes (m 3 ) of Pteroca
Page 74 and 75: Hymenaea verrucosa (Gum copal tree,
Page 76 and 77: Figure 43 Volumes (m 3 ) of Dalberg
Page 80 and 81: Figure 47 Quantities of charcoal (b
Page 82 and 83: Table 32 Proportion of selected woo
Page 84 and 85: DISCUSSION Evidence of linkages bet
Page 86 and 87: fees, applying ‘minimum breath he
Page 88 and 89: saw millers and traders from Dar es
Page 90 and 91: are indicated on the licences. For
Page 92 and 93: RECOMMENDATIONS Costs of not taking
Page 94 and 95: Table 35. Monitoring indicators inc
Page 96 and 97: DESCRIPTION OF INDICATOR BASELINE D
Page 98 and 99: DESCRIPTION OF INDICATOR BASELINE D
Page 100 and 101: (Figure 51). Regulatory options to
Page 102 and 103: Alternative energy sources Accounti
Page 104 and 105: Anon. (1999g). Tanzania Country Str
Page 106 and 107: De Waal, D. (2001). Setting Precend
Page 108 and 109: Milliken, J. (1999). Youth migrants
Page 110 and 111: ANNEXES Annex 1 Tanzania industrial
Page 112 and 113: However, forests outside Forest Res
Page 114 and 115: arks at TZS 2000 (USD 1.95) per kg
Page 116 and 117: mm and relatively unreliable. The h
Page 118 and 119: Coast Region has a total forest are
Page 120 and 121: Table 43 Sectoral contribution to L
Page 122 and 123: Annex 5. Sample checkpoint form for
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