Bridging the Gap: linking timber trade with infrastructural ...

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Data on harvest licences covering a longer time period were collected from Rufiji and Kilwa Districts. Since 1992, the volumes of timber licensed for harvest in Rufiji have steadily increased, reaching a maximum of 10 300 m 3 in 2000 before dropping to around 8600 m 3 in 2001 (Figure 7). The pattern in Kilwa since 1995 is slightly different, reaching just less than 4000 m 3 in 1997 and 1999, then declining to 988 m 3 in 2001 (Figure 7). Figure 7 Volumes of round wood (m 3 ) licensed for harvest in Kilwa and Rufiji Districts, 1992-2001 10,000 8,000 6,000 m3 4,000 2,000 0 Kilw a Rufiji 10,300 8,598 6,819 5,561 3,982 3,887 2,980 2,239 2,428 2,119 1,379 1,500 3,399 834 988 896 1,361 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 Source: District licence statistics, 1992-2001. Timber harvested south of the Rufiji River has three main destinations. Firstly, timber may be utilised within the district in which it was harvested, in both urban centres (such as Lindi and Mtwara towns) and rural households. Secondly, timber may be shipped by sea, either from the major ports of Mtwara, Kilwa or Lindi, or via informal exit points particularly in Kilwa and Lindi Districts. Lastly, timber products may be taken northwards, across the Rufiji River. Most of the goods taken northwards are destined for Dar es Salaam, although some logs are taken to sawmills en route for processing. Timber trade dynamics south of Rufiji River Forest resources used in rural and urban areas Limited information is available regarding quantities and use/trade dynamics of woodland and forest products by rural and urban communities in the study area. There is little doubt that there is high dependence by rural communities on these products, although absolute volumes used by rural and urban households is unknown. A comprehensive study on subsistence use of wood and non-wood products from miombo woodlands in Kisarawe and Kibaha Districts, Coast Region, revealed that eight main forest products were collected at no monetary cost from miombo woodlands for subsistence purposes, mainly construction, fuel, food and medicine (Kaale et. al., 2002). An estimated 695 kg (1 m 3 ) of firewood was collected per year per person, whilst the construction of a three-roomed grass-thatched house required on average 143 poles, 481 small sticks, 28 bundles of ropes and 33 bundles of grass. Houses last between four and 10 years, although the grass roof is replaced every one to two years. Large quantities of mushrooms, wild fruits and traditional medicines Grass bundles, Liwale District. Credit: Simon Milledge/ TRAFFIC East/Southern Africa 33
are also collected at no or little cost. Valuation of these forest products indicated that they contributed around TZS 43 424 (USD 42.16) towards per capita income (Kaale et. al., 2002; Table 10). It is important to note that these values are rarely included in household valuation exercises; in 1997, the average per capita income in Coast Region was reported to be only TZS 22 624 (USD 36.79) (Anon., 1997f). In addition, some villagers purchase forest products including firewood, charcoal, poles, withies, thatch grass, ropes, wooden kitchen utensils, wooden furniture and construction timber (Kaale et. al., 2002). Table 10 Value per capita (TZS) of different timber products collected in Coast Region Product Value per capita (TZS) Product Value per capita (TZS) Firewood 12 498 Grass 815 Poles 930 Wild fruits 15 237 Withies 245 Mushrooms 11 726 Ropes 241 Medicines 1 762 Source: Anon., 1997f. A study conducted by the Rufiji Environmental Management Project (REMP) in Ikwiriri township and Mbunjumvuleni village in Rufiji District revealed that an average of 523-600 kg of firewood (0.75-0.86 m 3 ) and 32-42 kg charcoal per capita per year were used in 2000 (Kaale et al., 2000). It can be seen that these figures are slightly lower, but comparable to those from Kisarawe and Kibaha Districts. These figures also fall within the range of 1-2 kg/person/day estimated for Eastern Africa (Anon., 1999j). Based upon these estimates of fuel wood consumption and population figures, almost 2.1 million m 3 fuel wood is consumed in the study area per year. Timber shipped from southern Tanzania According to official records collected from the three major ports in southern Tanzania, Mtwara, Lindi and Kilwa, shipments during 2000 and 2001 totalled the equivalent of 7357 m 3 of round wood, including 5576 m 3 sawn wood and 1781 m 3 of logs (Figure 8). In general, these data show an apparent decline from 2000 to 2001. According to government records, three-quarters of the sawn wood is shipped from Kilwa port, whilst almost all logs were shipped from Mtwara port (Figure 8). However, approximately 400 stamped logs were observed at Kilwa port awaiting shipment during this study. 34
Page 2 and 3: Published by TRAFFIC East/Southern
Page 4 and 5: CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 3 ABBREVI
Page 6 and 7: ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This study was mad
Page 8 and 9: EXECUTIVE SUMMARY The close relatio
Page 10 and 11: guidance from central and district
Page 12 and 13: The National Forest Policy (1998) s
Page 14 and 15: However, significant changes in dev
Page 16 and 17: METHODOLOGY This study was conducte
Page 18 and 19: Field Research Research assistants
Page 20 and 21: Table 2 Types of analyses made amon
Page 22 and 23: south bank (1270 m 3 ). Therefore,
Page 24 and 25: commenced in 1986 have converted th
Page 26 and 27: The majority of reserved forests an
Page 28 and 29: Degradation of forests and deforest
Page 30 and 31: medicinal plants for curing illness
Page 32 and 33: STUDY AREA OVERVIEW The study area
Page 34 and 35: The coastal forests found in the st
Page 38 and 39: Figure 8 Sawn wood and logs shipped
Page 40 and 41: eported to be very low, with most s
Page 42 and 43: ound wood from the study area. Over
Page 44 and 45: Species harvested in 2001, but not
Page 46 and 47: checkpoint records from Kibiti, stu
Page 48 and 49: Figure 13 Main species processed by
Page 50 and 51: Two species, Swartzia madagascarens
Page 52 and 53: melanoxylon (Class I), Milicia exce
Page 54 and 55: A few species have shown particular
Page 56 and 57: The frequency distributions of leng
Page 58 and 59: HARVEST AREAS, DESTINATIONS, MARKET
Page 60 and 61: Major harvest areas in Lindi Region
Page 62 and 63: licences show how MI (Ltd.), the la
Page 64 and 65: Figure 26 Off-road logging truck ro
Page 66 and 67: Table 25 Total number of vehicles r
Page 68 and 69: Seasonal variations in timber trade
Page 70 and 71: Figure 35 Total timber shipments fr
Page 72 and 73: Figure 37 Volumes (m 3 ) of Pteroca
Page 74 and 75: Hymenaea verrucosa (Gum copal tree,
Page 76 and 77: Figure 43 Volumes (m 3 ) of Dalberg
Page 78 and 79: Charcoal shipments Official data on
Page 80 and 81: Figure 47 Quantities of charcoal (b
Page 82 and 83: Table 32 Proportion of selected woo
Page 84 and 85: DISCUSSION Evidence of linkages bet
Page 86 and 87:
fees, applying ‘minimum breath he
Page 88 and 89:
saw millers and traders from Dar es
Page 90 and 91:
are indicated on the licences. For
Page 92 and 93:
RECOMMENDATIONS Costs of not taking
Page 94 and 95:
Table 35. Monitoring indicators inc
Page 96 and 97:
DESCRIPTION OF INDICATOR BASELINE D
Page 98 and 99:
DESCRIPTION OF INDICATOR BASELINE D
Page 100 and 101:
(Figure 51). Regulatory options to
Page 102 and 103:
Alternative energy sources Accounti
Page 104 and 105:
Anon. (1999g). Tanzania Country Str
Page 106 and 107:
De Waal, D. (2001). Setting Precend
Page 108 and 109:
Milliken, J. (1999). Youth migrants
Page 110 and 111:
ANNEXES Annex 1 Tanzania industrial
Page 112 and 113:
However, forests outside Forest Res
Page 114 and 115:
arks at TZS 2000 (USD 1.95) per kg
Page 116 and 117:
mm and relatively unreliable. The h
Page 118 and 119:
Coast Region has a total forest are
Page 120 and 121:
Table 43 Sectoral contribution to L
Page 122 and 123:
Annex 5. Sample checkpoint form for
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