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licences show how MI (Ltd.), the largest sawmill specialising in the species in the study area, used to harvest in Rufiji District but was forced to shift to Kilwa District as stocks declined. Table 23 shows how the harvest areas within Kilwa District have also changed significantly in recent years. Table 23 Changes in harvest area for Dalbergia melanoxylon in Kilwa District, 1997-2000 1997 harvest areas Quantity licensed for harvest 2000 harvest areas Quantity licensed for harvest Nandera 22.6 Mavuji 80.0 Kikole 45.6 Chumo 50.0 Nanjirinji 24.0 Mingumbi 37.9 Source: Kilwa District harvest licences, 1997-2000. On the other hand, it is evident that some traders are now specializing in smaller logs, returning to heavily harvested areas to collect the larger branches of previously felled trees (‘off-cuts’). Further, stocks have declined so severely in some areas that undersize trees are now being felled indiscriminantly. In turn, traders claim these smaller logs as ‘off-cuts’, thereby avoiding all forms of regulation and royalty payment (Anon., 2002f,h). For example, the thriving, unregulated market for ‘off-cuts’ from Ngumburuni Forest Reserve in Rufiji District was not supplied by branches, but from undersize trees (Anon., 2002h). In 2001, the average diameter of fresh Pterocarpus angolensis stumps recorded between the Kibiti – Ikwiriri road was just below 30 cm, half the minimum allowed harvestable diameter of 60 cm (Anon., 2002f). Major markets and trade routes Two main markets exist for hardwood timber harvested from the study area – Dar es Salaam and Zanzibar. Other urban markets include Lindi and Mtwara. The majority is used for construction (e.g. windows, doors, boats, furniture, etc.). The annual demand for construction wood in Dar es Salaam is estimated at 103 000 m 3 softwood and 42 000 m 3 hard wood (Wells et al., 2000). In addition, significant quantities are exported in the form of parquet flooring tiles or musical instrument billets. According to government records from Mtwara, Lindi and Kilwa ports, more shipments are destined for Zanzibar than mainland Tanzania (Table 24), although the destination was not clear for large quantities of logs and timber (Figure 25). It is believed that the majority of timber transported by boat, including timber from informal ports along the Kilwa coastline, is destined for Zanzibar, whilst most timber transported by road is destined for Dar es Salaam. Young Pterocarpus angolensis, generally traded as ‘off-cuts’. Boating building using Pterocarpus angolensis in Zanzibar Credit: IUCN/O. Hamerlynck Credit: Simon Milledge/ TRAFFIC East/Southern Africa 59
Table 24 Destination of timber and logs shipped (m 3 round wood) from southern Tanzania ports, 2000-2001 Dar es Salaam Zanzibar DSM/ZNZ Overseas Not specified Totals Logs Timber Logs Timber Logs Timber Logs Timber Logs Timber Logs Timber Mtwara 0.0 195.2 120.0 14.3 1 465.0 323.8 166.0 9.5 0.0 9.5 1 751.0 552.4 Lindi 0.0 95.2 5.0 204.8 25.0 642.9 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 30.0 942.9 Kilwa 0.0 585.7 0.0 1 614.3 0.0 1881.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 4 081.0 Total 0.0 876.1 125.0 1 833.4 1 490.0 2 847.7 166.0 9.5 0.0 9.5 1 781.0 5 576.3 Source: Tanzania Harbours Authority, Port Manager Mtwara, 2002. Figure 25 Destination of timber and logs shipped from southern Tanzania ports, 2000-2001 3000 2000 1000 0 Logs Timber Logs Timber Logs Timber Logs Timber Dar es Salaam Zanzibar DSM/ZNZ Ov erseas Kilw a Lindi Mtw ara Source: Tanzania Harbours Authority, Port Manager Mtwara, 2002. Mtwara was the only port in southern Tanzania from which logs or timber were directly exported overseas, although in relatively small quantities (176 m 3 during 2000 and 2001). Whilst it is known that significant quantities originating from southern Tanzania are exported from Dar es Salaam and Zanzibar, statistics do not differentiate between the precise sources of timber products (Table 24). In addition to the ports of Mtwara, Lindi and Kilwa Masoko, a further four ports are known to ship hardwoods from the mainland: Matapatapa, Kilwa Kivinje, Mavuji and Rushungi. Considerable quantities, as yet undetermined, of sawn wood are transported unrecorded by vehicles and teams of bicycles to these ports. The latter commonly consist of around six to eight bicycles travelling up to six hours with timber sourced from as far as the Selous Game Reserve. GIS mapping of logging truck routes throughout the study area clearly revealed a low density of used tracks between Nangurukuru and the Rufiji River, partly attributable to the unfavourable condition of the soil for transport during seasonal flooding (Figure 26). Instead, teams of bicycle dominated transport of planks in this part of the study area. 60
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Published by TRAFFIC East/Southern
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CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 3 ABBREVI
Page 6 and 7:
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This study was mad
Page 8 and 9:
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY The close relatio
Page 10 and 11:
guidance from central and district
Page 12 and 13: The National Forest Policy (1998) s
Page 14 and 15: However, significant changes in dev
Page 16 and 17: METHODOLOGY This study was conducte
Page 18 and 19: Field Research Research assistants
Page 20 and 21: Table 2 Types of analyses made amon
Page 22 and 23: south bank (1270 m 3 ). Therefore,
Page 24 and 25: commenced in 1986 have converted th
Page 26 and 27: The majority of reserved forests an
Page 28 and 29: Degradation of forests and deforest
Page 30 and 31: medicinal plants for curing illness
Page 32 and 33: STUDY AREA OVERVIEW The study area
Page 34 and 35: The coastal forests found in the st
Page 36 and 37: Data on harvest licences covering a
Page 38 and 39: Figure 8 Sawn wood and logs shipped
Page 40 and 41: eported to be very low, with most s
Page 42 and 43: ound wood from the study area. Over
Page 44 and 45: Species harvested in 2001, but not
Page 46 and 47: checkpoint records from Kibiti, stu
Page 48 and 49: Figure 13 Main species processed by
Page 50 and 51: Two species, Swartzia madagascarens
Page 52 and 53: melanoxylon (Class I), Milicia exce
Page 54 and 55: A few species have shown particular
Page 56 and 57: The frequency distributions of leng
Page 58 and 59: HARVEST AREAS, DESTINATIONS, MARKET
Page 60 and 61: Major harvest areas in Lindi Region
Page 64 and 65: Figure 26 Off-road logging truck ro
Page 66 and 67: Table 25 Total number of vehicles r
Page 68 and 69: Seasonal variations in timber trade
Page 70 and 71: Figure 35 Total timber shipments fr
Page 72 and 73: Figure 37 Volumes (m 3 ) of Pteroca
Page 74 and 75: Hymenaea verrucosa (Gum copal tree,
Page 76 and 77: Figure 43 Volumes (m 3 ) of Dalberg
Page 78 and 79: Charcoal shipments Official data on
Page 80 and 81: Figure 47 Quantities of charcoal (b
Page 82 and 83: Table 32 Proportion of selected woo
Page 84 and 85: DISCUSSION Evidence of linkages bet
Page 86 and 87: fees, applying ‘minimum breath he
Page 88 and 89: saw millers and traders from Dar es
Page 90 and 91: are indicated on the licences. For
Page 92 and 93: RECOMMENDATIONS Costs of not taking
Page 94 and 95: Table 35. Monitoring indicators inc
Page 96 and 97: DESCRIPTION OF INDICATOR BASELINE D
Page 98 and 99: DESCRIPTION OF INDICATOR BASELINE D
Page 100 and 101: (Figure 51). Regulatory options to
Page 102 and 103: Alternative energy sources Accounti
Page 104 and 105: Anon. (1999g). Tanzania Country Str
Page 106 and 107: De Waal, D. (2001). Setting Precend
Page 108 and 109: Milliken, J. (1999). Youth migrants
Page 110 and 111: ANNEXES Annex 1 Tanzania industrial
Page 112 and 113:
However, forests outside Forest Res
Page 114 and 115:
arks at TZS 2000 (USD 1.95) per kg
Page 116 and 117:
mm and relatively unreliable. The h
Page 118 and 119:
Coast Region has a total forest are
Page 120 and 121:
Table 43 Sectoral contribution to L
Page 122 and 123:
Annex 5. Sample checkpoint form for
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