Bridging the Gap: linking timber trade with infrastructural ...

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Figure 43 Volumes (m 3 ) of Dalbergia melanoxylon harvest licences issued for Kilwa and Rufiji Districts (a) Kilwa District (b) Rufiji District 250 200 150 170 178 202 160 300 200 263 233 100 50 0 108 82 10 100 0 107 70 23 30 6 7 10 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 Sources: Kilwa District timber harvest licence statistics, 1995-2001; Kibiti checkpoint statistics, 1992-2001. Figure 44 Harvest areas for Dalbergia melanoxylon showing major rivers, district and protected areas (a) Lindi Region (b) Rufiji District Rufiji delta Sources: District timber harvest licence records, 2001; Kibiti checkpoint records, 2001. TRADE IN CHARCOAL AND OTHER TIMBER PRODUCTS Introduction Charcoal is widely used as a source of domestic energy in Tanzania, particularly in urban areas. Driven by low incomes amongst the majority of charcoal users and the lack of affordable alternative energy sources, the majority of medium to low-income families in urban areas rely heavily upon charcoal as their principle source of domestic energy (Jambiya, 1999). Charcoal production near a growing city such as Dar es Salaam promotes a lucrative business for many households, but this is often realised at the expense 73
of environmental protection (Monela et al., 1993). However, the capacity of the government to keep accurate records of charcoal production is low. Volumes of charcoal traded According to district licence statistics, 181 126 bags of charcoal were produced and recorded in the study area during 2000 and 2001 (Table 28). The majority (108 338) was produced in 2001, an increase of 49% from the previous year. In the study area, simple earth kilns with low charcoal conversion efficiency are used for charcoal production. One cubic metre of round wood produces on average two to three bags of charcoal (Anon., 2001c). However, measured weights of charcoal bags in the study area varied from 30-38 kg per bag, higher than the national average of 28 kg (Anon., 2000a). Bags used for selling charcoal were not uniform in size, accounting for the variance in weight. However, based on the assumption that two to three bags of charcoal are produced from once cubic metre of round wood, an estimated total of 60 375 to 90 563 m 3 of round wood were used to produce the 181 126 bags of charcoal recorded in the study area during 2000 and 2001. Table 28 Number of charcoal bags produced in study area, 2000-2001 District 2000 2001 Total Lindi 493 493 Nachingwea 246 55 301 Rufiji 72 049 108 283 180 332 Total 72 788 108 338 181 126 Source: District licence statistics, 2000-2001. Note: No data was collected from Kilwa and Ruangwa Districts. Credit: Simon Milledge/ TRAFFIC East/Southern Africa Charcoal kiln and bags in transport, Large-scale clearance of one hectare of miombo woodland provides Rufiji District. on average 35 m 3 of round wood for charcoal production (Anon., 2001c). Thus, an equivalent of almost 1725 to 2588 ha of woodlands could have been cleared during the same two-year period although this is believed to be a large underestimate due to illegal production. This figure is substantially lower than the estimated 4354 ha of miombo cleared per year to produce the charcoal transported to Dar es Salaam along the Morogoro road in the early 1990s (Monela et al., 1993). Monela et al. (1999) reported that the demand for charcoal was increasing in Dar es Salaam and other urban areas of Tanzania since the majority of the population lack access to, or are unable to afford, electricity for cooking. Further, research in miombo regions of Coast Region showed that the number of people seeking income generation and employment opportunities through charcoal production was increasing rapidly, consequently increasing pressure on natural woodlands. Besides local villagers, immigrants from other regions are also involved in charcoal production. Low agricultural production is also forcing local people to find alternatives for income generation through charcoal production (Monela et al., 1999). 74
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Published by TRAFFIC East/Southern
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CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 3 ABBREVI
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This study was mad
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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY The close relatio
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guidance from central and district
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The National Forest Policy (1998) s
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However, significant changes in dev
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METHODOLOGY This study was conducte
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Field Research Research assistants
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Table 2 Types of analyses made amon
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south bank (1270 m 3 ). Therefore,
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commenced in 1986 have converted th
Page 26 and 27: The majority of reserved forests an
Page 28 and 29: Degradation of forests and deforest
Page 30 and 31: medicinal plants for curing illness
Page 32 and 33: STUDY AREA OVERVIEW The study area
Page 34 and 35: The coastal forests found in the st
Page 36 and 37: Data on harvest licences covering a
Page 38 and 39: Figure 8 Sawn wood and logs shipped
Page 40 and 41: eported to be very low, with most s
Page 42 and 43: ound wood from the study area. Over
Page 44 and 45: Species harvested in 2001, but not
Page 46 and 47: checkpoint records from Kibiti, stu
Page 48 and 49: Figure 13 Main species processed by
Page 50 and 51: Two species, Swartzia madagascarens
Page 52 and 53: melanoxylon (Class I), Milicia exce
Page 54 and 55: A few species have shown particular
Page 56 and 57: The frequency distributions of leng
Page 58 and 59: HARVEST AREAS, DESTINATIONS, MARKET
Page 60 and 61: Major harvest areas in Lindi Region
Page 62 and 63: licences show how MI (Ltd.), the la
Page 64 and 65: Figure 26 Off-road logging truck ro
Page 66 and 67: Table 25 Total number of vehicles r
Page 68 and 69: Seasonal variations in timber trade
Page 70 and 71: Figure 35 Total timber shipments fr
Page 72 and 73: Figure 37 Volumes (m 3 ) of Pteroca
Page 74 and 75: Hymenaea verrucosa (Gum copal tree,
Page 78 and 79: Charcoal shipments Official data on
Page 80 and 81: Figure 47 Quantities of charcoal (b
Page 82 and 83: Table 32 Proportion of selected woo
Page 84 and 85: DISCUSSION Evidence of linkages bet
Page 86 and 87: fees, applying ‘minimum breath he
Page 88 and 89: saw millers and traders from Dar es
Page 90 and 91: are indicated on the licences. For
Page 92 and 93: RECOMMENDATIONS Costs of not taking
Page 94 and 95: Table 35. Monitoring indicators inc
Page 96 and 97: DESCRIPTION OF INDICATOR BASELINE D
Page 98 and 99: DESCRIPTION OF INDICATOR BASELINE D
Page 100 and 101: (Figure 51). Regulatory options to
Page 102 and 103: Alternative energy sources Accounti
Page 104 and 105: Anon. (1999g). Tanzania Country Str
Page 106 and 107: De Waal, D. (2001). Setting Precend
Page 108 and 109: Milliken, J. (1999). Youth migrants
Page 110 and 111: ANNEXES Annex 1 Tanzania industrial
Page 112 and 113: However, forests outside Forest Res
Page 114 and 115: arks at TZS 2000 (USD 1.95) per kg
Page 116 and 117: mm and relatively unreliable. The h
Page 118 and 119: Coast Region has a total forest are
Page 120 and 121: Table 43 Sectoral contribution to L
Page 122 and 123: Annex 5. Sample checkpoint form for
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