Bridging the Gap: linking timber trade with infrastructural ...

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medicinal plants for curing illnesses (Marshall, 1998; Anon., 2001a,b). A total of around 1000 species are used in traditional medicine, with at least 98 traded in urban centres (Mariki et al., 2003). Commercially valuable timber species in Tanzania include Pterocarpus angolensis, Milicia excelsa, Ocotea usambarensis, Khaya anthotheca, Elea welwitschii, Brachystegia speciformis, Cephalosphera usambarensis, Afzelia quanzensis, Beilschmiedia kweo, Millettia stuhlmannii, Brachylaena huillensis, Dalbergia melanoxylon, Grevillea robusta, Newtonia buchananii, and Podocarpus spp. (Anon., 2000c; Roe et al., 2002). The main sources of hardwood timber include the miombo woodlands of Tabora and Rukwa Regions, the coastal forests and miombo woodlands of Kilwa, Liwale and Lindi Districts, and some highland pockets in Morogoro and Tanga Regions. Coastal forests were subjected to heavy commercial logging pressure during the 1950s and early 1960s, continuing until the 1980s and beyond in some areas (Burgess et al., 1996). Miombo woodlands harbour particularly high value, export-quality hardwood timber species such as Pterocarpus angolensis, Dalbergia melanoxylon, Milicia excelsa, Khaya anthotheca and Afzelia quanzensis (Munyanziza et al., 1999). For example, the retail price for African Blackwood Dalbergia melanoxylon export-quality billets reaches up to USD 18 000/m 3 (Jenkins et al., 2002; Nshubemuki, 1993). Pit sawyers supply over half of the total domestic demand for forest wood (Wells et al., 2000). A total of almost TZS 3412 million (USD 4.21 million) in forest revenue was collected by central government during 2000/2001, out of which two-thirds originated from plantations (projects) and onethird from timber harvested from central government Forest Reserves. Figure 5 illustrates how revenue collection from Forest Reserves was particularly high in districts around Dar es Salaam, a reflection of both relative forest product trade levels and relative revenue collection capacity levels (e.g. capacity is highest along major trunk roads entering Dar es Salaam). Local governments are also highly dependent on forest-derived revenue. For example, Rufiji District derives some 60% of its locally derived income from forests (John et al., 2003). Figure 5 Revenue collection (TZS) from central government Forest Reserves, 2000/2001 Source: Anon. (2001b). 27
In 1998, the government budget for forestry was less than 1% of the total national budget (Anon., 1998a). In 1999/2000, the financing structure of the Forest and Beekeeping Division (FBD) operations was TZS 11,465 million (USD 14.30 million), consisting of TZS 7,748 million (USD 9.66 million) donor contributions, TZS 2,570 million (USD 3.20 million) government budget and TZS 1,147 million (USD 1.43 million) retention scheme (Salmi et al., 2000). The forestry sector accounts for around 10% of foreign exchange earnings, derived from exports of timber (sawn wood, softwood pulp, paper and round wood), timber products, honey, beeswax, mushrooms and other non-wood forest products (Roe et al., 2002). Average annual export earnings from forest products is around USD 14 million (Anon., 1998a). In 1999/2000, a total of 7965 m 3 sawn wood (worth USD 0.99 million) and 1337 m 3 round wood (USD 0.38 million) was exported (Table 6). Major markets include Japan, Singapore, Hong Kong, India, Taiwan and there was a growing preference for Swartzia madagascarensis and Teak Tectonia grandis. Honey and beeswax exports average 4860 t and 324 t per year respectively (Anon., 2001b). Table 6 Reported exports of forest products, 1996/1997 – 1999/2000 Product Amount USD (1000) 1996/97 1997/98 1998/99 1999/2000 Amount USD Amount USD Amount (1000) (1000) USD (1000) Logs, m 3 2 178.0 436.0 9 525.0 6 191.6 3 896.5 718.0 1 366.7 382.4 Sawn timber, m 3 51.0 5.7 8 630.8 1 035.7 8 065.9 684.5 7 964.7 993.0 Blackwood, m 3 28.6 355.0 107.5 1 357.6 122.3 1 193.2 75.7 852.3 Floorings, m 3 329.7 998.0 1 125.5 3 405.6 67.8 128.4 45.7 76.3 Carvings, pcs 52 197.0 105.0 264 512.0 891.5 253 124.0 967.6 169 870.0 238.3 Tree seeds, t - - - - 0.2 11.6 21.2 2.0 Beeswax, t 202.0 678.0 316.0 1 044.8 332.0 1 202.7 251.0 1 229.8 Honey, t 2.5 2.1 225.0 274.9 39.0 35.5 44.7 32.5 Others - - - - 3 645.3 481.2 - 9.7 Total 2 579.8 14 180.7 5 422.7 3 616.3 Source: Anon. (2001b). 28
Page 2 and 3: Published by TRAFFIC East/Southern
Page 4 and 5: CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 3 ABBREVI
Page 6 and 7: ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This study was mad
Page 8 and 9: EXECUTIVE SUMMARY The close relatio
Page 10 and 11: guidance from central and district
Page 12 and 13: The National Forest Policy (1998) s
Page 14 and 15: However, significant changes in dev
Page 16 and 17: METHODOLOGY This study was conducte
Page 18 and 19: Field Research Research assistants
Page 20 and 21: Table 2 Types of analyses made amon
Page 22 and 23: south bank (1270 m 3 ). Therefore,
Page 24 and 25: commenced in 1986 have converted th
Page 26 and 27: The majority of reserved forests an
Page 28 and 29: Degradation of forests and deforest
Page 32 and 33: STUDY AREA OVERVIEW The study area
Page 34 and 35: The coastal forests found in the st
Page 36 and 37: Data on harvest licences covering a
Page 38 and 39: Figure 8 Sawn wood and logs shipped
Page 40 and 41: eported to be very low, with most s
Page 42 and 43: ound wood from the study area. Over
Page 44 and 45: Species harvested in 2001, but not
Page 46 and 47: checkpoint records from Kibiti, stu
Page 48 and 49: Figure 13 Main species processed by
Page 50 and 51: Two species, Swartzia madagascarens
Page 52 and 53: melanoxylon (Class I), Milicia exce
Page 54 and 55: A few species have shown particular
Page 56 and 57: The frequency distributions of leng
Page 58 and 59: HARVEST AREAS, DESTINATIONS, MARKET
Page 60 and 61: Major harvest areas in Lindi Region
Page 62 and 63: licences show how MI (Ltd.), the la
Page 64 and 65: Figure 26 Off-road logging truck ro
Page 66 and 67: Table 25 Total number of vehicles r
Page 68 and 69: Seasonal variations in timber trade
Page 70 and 71: Figure 35 Total timber shipments fr
Page 72 and 73: Figure 37 Volumes (m 3 ) of Pteroca
Page 74 and 75: Hymenaea verrucosa (Gum copal tree,
Page 76 and 77: Figure 43 Volumes (m 3 ) of Dalberg
Page 78 and 79: Charcoal shipments Official data on
Page 80 and 81:
Figure 47 Quantities of charcoal (b
Page 82 and 83:
Table 32 Proportion of selected woo
Page 84 and 85:
DISCUSSION Evidence of linkages bet
Page 86 and 87:
fees, applying ‘minimum breath he
Page 88 and 89:
saw millers and traders from Dar es
Page 90 and 91:
are indicated on the licences. For
Page 92 and 93:
RECOMMENDATIONS Costs of not taking
Page 94 and 95:
Table 35. Monitoring indicators inc
Page 96 and 97:
DESCRIPTION OF INDICATOR BASELINE D
Page 98 and 99:
DESCRIPTION OF INDICATOR BASELINE D
Page 100 and 101:
(Figure 51). Regulatory options to
Page 102 and 103:
Alternative energy sources Accounti
Page 104 and 105:
Anon. (1999g). Tanzania Country Str
Page 106 and 107:
De Waal, D. (2001). Setting Precend
Page 108 and 109:
Milliken, J. (1999). Youth migrants
Page 110 and 111:
ANNEXES Annex 1 Tanzania industrial
Page 112 and 113:
However, forests outside Forest Res
Page 114 and 115:
arks at TZS 2000 (USD 1.95) per kg
Page 116 and 117:
mm and relatively unreliable. The h
Page 118 and 119:
Coast Region has a total forest are
Page 120 and 121:
Table 43 Sectoral contribution to L
Page 122 and 123:
Annex 5. Sample checkpoint form for
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