Bridging the Gap: linking timber trade with infrastructural ...

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DISCUSSION Evidence of linkages between poverty and quality of woodland/forest resources Clear links between woodland utilization and livelihoods are evident in southern Tanzania. Understanding these linkages is important to, firstly, strengthen national efforts to eliminate poverty and, secondly, to mitigate adverse impacts on the environment that may exacerbate poverty. For example, low purchasing power has resulted in a high dependence on wood fuel for cooking, which has negative consequences on the environment and quality of life especially for the rural poor (Anon., 2001f). ‘Winwin’ scenarios and strategies need to be identified to ensure synergistic efforts to achieve both social development and conservation of miombo woodlands and coastal forests (Figure 50). The study area contains some of the largest remaining wild stands of miombo woodland in Africa, with amongst the highest indices of forest density, quantities of forest per capita and unprotected woodland in the country. It also incorporates some of the most intact coastal forests with high species diversity and endemism. At the same time, this area represents one of the poorest in Tanzania, and most rural livelihoods are heavily dependent upon woodland and forest resources in the form of food, housing, fuel, medicines and income. For example, the value of miombo woodland products collected without any payment collected for direct use in Coast Region was valued at almost twice the average per capita income (Kaale et al., 2002). The decline in supply of certain timber species has heavily impacted the ability of the Rufiji people to make durable canoes, an essential tool for transport and access to markets. Not only are woodland and forest products important to rural livelihoods, but their use also accounts for significant volumes of timber harvests. Fuel wood consumption in the study area per year was estimated at 2.1 million m 3 . Figure 50 Diagram showing different scenarios with regards to use/trade in woodland products (a) ‘Win-win’ (b) ‘Lose-lose’ Benefits accrued to livelihoods Benefits accrued to Government Decline in benefits accrued to livelihoods Decline in benefits accrued to Government Integrity of woodlands maintained Woodland degradation Sustainable levels of trade and use Legal trade Unsustainable trade and use Illegal trade Sufficiently managed trade and utilisation Insufficient management at all levels 81
The high levels of dependence on the woodland/forest resources make rural communities in southern Tanzania particularly vulnerable to environmental degradation. On the other hand, there are opportunities to achieve woodland/forest-based poverty alleviation according to Sunderlin et al. (2003, by (i) preventing shrinkage of forest resources if they are necessary for maintaining well-being (protecting the pie); (ii) making forest resources accessible and redistributing resources and rents (dividing the pie differently); and (iii) increasing the production value (enlarging the pie). This study has also revealed how major urban and export markets, local and central governments, also heavily benefit from trade in miombo timber products from southern Tanzania. For example, governments collected revenue on a total of 10 163 m 3 timber harvested from 27 species during 2001 and a further 5058 m 3 of round wood officially transported by sea from the study area during 2000-2001. A total of almost TZS 161 million (USD 155 000) was collected as revenue from timber products by the MNRT during 2000-2001. In summary, the livelihoods of communities living adjacent to woodlands, local and central governments would be in a much worse situation in the absence of trade and utilization of miombo and coastal forest products. Major challenges This study revealed that a number of challenges remain with respect to ensuring that miombo woodlands retain their integrity and benefits continue to be accrued in the long term by stakeholders at all levels, especially the rural poor. Of particular concern is the evidence of woodland degradation in the study area due to agricultural expansion, commercial timber harvesting, fuel wood collection and charcoal production. Insufficient management capacity and practices at all levels (including communities, local and central government) have led to lost revenues, poor forest management, and illegal and unsustainable trade. In turn, this threatens the integrity of miombo woodlands and seriously compromises prospects for poverty eradication in the area by degrading the services and products supporting rural livelihoods, urban markets, government and private sector economies. It is, therefore, important that not only are the challenges strategically addressed, but that relevant indicators are developed and continually monitored to measure the success of any interventions. Management capacity and practices Extreme shortages of institutional capacity were recorded throughout the study area. A critical shortage of manpower was a common phenomenon in all the districts surveyed, with only five forestry staff available each in Kilwa and Rufiji Districts. Since at least two officials are stationed at licence offices or checkpoints, it is almost impossible to ensure implementation of existing forest laws and adequate monitoring of forest-related activities. For example, in 2002 there were only one or two qualified foresters for the entire Rufiji District, which has some 100 Checkpoint, Nachingwea district. 000 ha reserved forest and several hundred thousand hectares of unreserved woodland. As a result of a decline in field activities (e.g. identifying trees in forest, estimating standing volume to calculate licence Credit: Simon Milledge/ TRAFFIC East/Southern Africa 82
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Published by TRAFFIC East/Southern
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CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 3 ABBREVI
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This study was mad
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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY The close relatio
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guidance from central and district
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The National Forest Policy (1998) s
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However, significant changes in dev
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METHODOLOGY This study was conducte
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Field Research Research assistants
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Table 2 Types of analyses made amon
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south bank (1270 m 3 ). Therefore,
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commenced in 1986 have converted th
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The majority of reserved forests an
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Degradation of forests and deforest
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medicinal plants for curing illness
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STUDY AREA OVERVIEW The study area
Page 34 and 35: The coastal forests found in the st
Page 36 and 37: Data on harvest licences covering a
Page 38 and 39: Figure 8 Sawn wood and logs shipped
Page 40 and 41: eported to be very low, with most s
Page 42 and 43: ound wood from the study area. Over
Page 44 and 45: Species harvested in 2001, but not
Page 46 and 47: checkpoint records from Kibiti, stu
Page 48 and 49: Figure 13 Main species processed by
Page 50 and 51: Two species, Swartzia madagascarens
Page 52 and 53: melanoxylon (Class I), Milicia exce
Page 54 and 55: A few species have shown particular
Page 56 and 57: The frequency distributions of leng
Page 58 and 59: HARVEST AREAS, DESTINATIONS, MARKET
Page 60 and 61: Major harvest areas in Lindi Region
Page 62 and 63: licences show how MI (Ltd.), the la
Page 64 and 65: Figure 26 Off-road logging truck ro
Page 66 and 67: Table 25 Total number of vehicles r
Page 68 and 69: Seasonal variations in timber trade
Page 70 and 71: Figure 35 Total timber shipments fr
Page 72 and 73: Figure 37 Volumes (m 3 ) of Pteroca
Page 74 and 75: Hymenaea verrucosa (Gum copal tree,
Page 76 and 77: Figure 43 Volumes (m 3 ) of Dalberg
Page 78 and 79: Charcoal shipments Official data on
Page 80 and 81: Figure 47 Quantities of charcoal (b
Page 82 and 83: Table 32 Proportion of selected woo
Page 86 and 87: fees, applying ‘minimum breath he
Page 88 and 89: saw millers and traders from Dar es
Page 90 and 91: are indicated on the licences. For
Page 92 and 93: RECOMMENDATIONS Costs of not taking
Page 94 and 95: Table 35. Monitoring indicators inc
Page 96 and 97: DESCRIPTION OF INDICATOR BASELINE D
Page 98 and 99: DESCRIPTION OF INDICATOR BASELINE D
Page 100 and 101: (Figure 51). Regulatory options to
Page 102 and 103: Alternative energy sources Accounti
Page 104 and 105: Anon. (1999g). Tanzania Country Str
Page 106 and 107: De Waal, D. (2001). Setting Precend
Page 108 and 109: Milliken, J. (1999). Youth migrants
Page 110 and 111: ANNEXES Annex 1 Tanzania industrial
Page 112 and 113: However, forests outside Forest Res
Page 114 and 115: arks at TZS 2000 (USD 1.95) per kg
Page 116 and 117: mm and relatively unreliable. The h
Page 118 and 119: Coast Region has a total forest are
Page 120 and 121: Table 43 Sectoral contribution to L
Page 122 and 123: Annex 5. Sample checkpoint form for
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