treasure valley road dust study: final report - ResearchGate

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W = Mean vehicle weight (tons). M = Surface material moisture content. (%) This latter formulation of the emissions factor is not used in current inventories and is a subject of controversy because there is clearly a relationship between vehicle speed and emissions in most reported tests. A control effectiveness modifier due to precipitation is often appended to the unpaved road emission factor equation to estimate annual averages: P annual,county = PrecipDays/365 where PrecipDays is the number of days per year with greater than 0.01 inches of precipitation. This modifier assumes 100% emissions reduction effectiveness for each day with more than 0.01 inches of precipitation. For paved roads, the U.S. EPA (1999) emission factor is: Eq. 2-3 EF 10 = k?(sL) 0.65 ?(W) 1.5 where: k = paved road dust emissions factor multiplier for PM 10 : 0.56 g/VKT or 0.9 g/VMT. sL = silt loading of the surface material (g/m 2 ). W = mean vehicle weight (tons) Note that the size fraction is incorporated into the emission factor and that the silt loading rather than the fraction of silt is used. There is no dependence of the paved road dust emission factor on vehicle speed or number of wheels as there is in Eq. 2-1 for unpaved road emissions. 2.1 Methods 2.1.1 Site Selection Sites for silt sampling were selected to encompass each of four road types, arterial, collector, local, and unpaved, in both Ada and Canyon Counties. Table 2-1 and Table 2-2 list the sample locations and the amount of road dirt that was obtained at each site in winter 2001 and summer 2001, respectively. Figure 2-1 shows where the silt samples were obtained in the Treasure Valley. Detailed maps for each of the sites are provided in Appendix A. Silt samples from paved and unpaved roads were obtained and analyzed according to the instructions in Appendices C1 and C2 of AP-42 (USEPA, 1999). 2.1.2 Sample procurement Sampling on paved roads required the closure of one or more lanes of traffic. Lane closure permits were obtained from the appropriate municipalities prior to road sampling. At each of the nine paved road sites, three sections of a travel lane were measured, marked off with tape, and documented with the aid of a GPS receiver. Wherever possible, the centers of the road sections were distanced a minimum of 15 m apart to allow for a more representative sample. Sections ranged from 2.6 m to 4.6 m in width (cross-lane direction) and from 0.3 m to 9 m in length (along-lane direction). The width of the sections was determined by including the portion of the lane where vehicle tires travel under normal driving conditions and excluding road shoulders, centerline dividers, and other portions of the road that are not normally traversed by 2-2
vehicle tires. The lengths of the sections were determined based on the criterion that a minimum of 200 grams of road dirt must be obtained for each section. This criterion was met for most of the winter 2001 samples. However, dirt loadings on roads were much smallerin summer 2001 and frequently it was not practicable to meet this criterion. Table 2-1 Winter 2001 Silt Sampling Locations, Descriptions, and Mass Sampled Site Field Sample ID Lab ID Sample Date Type Width (m) Length (m) Separation Between Sampling Locations (ft) Area per sampling location (m 2 ) Total area for site (m 2 ) Net Mass per sampling location (g) Total mass for site (g) Riva Ridge North BOISL001 RS562 3/1/2001 paved 3.9 3.1 15.2 12.1 37.2 1569 2601 of Reutzel Dr. BOISL002 4.2 3.0 12.6 626 BOISL003 4.1 3.0 12.5 407 Apple St. BOISL004 RS565 3/3/2001 paved 3.3 3.0 15.2 10.1 30.2 199 620 Between Wright BOISL005 3.3 3.0 10.1 190 and LaFayette BOISL006 3.3 3.0 10.0 231 13th St. North of BOISL007 RS568 3/4/2001 paved 2.4 9.1 6.1 22.3 69.7 133 522 Hays BOISL008 2.4 9.1 22.3 140 BOISL009 2.7 9.1 25.1 248 Front St. BOISL010 RS571 3/4/2001 paved 3.8 6.1 12.2 23.4 71.2 210 907 Between 3rd and BOISL011 3.8 6.1 23.4 299 5th BOISL012 4.0 6.1 24.5 398 West Park Dr. BOISL013 RS574 3/6/2001 paved 2.6 6.1 9.1 16.1 49.5 289 708 West of BOISL014 2.7 6.1 16.4 228 Milwaukee BOISL015 2.8 6.1 17.0 192 Maple Grove BOISL016 RS577 3/6/2001 paved 3.4 9.1 12.2 30.7 92.7 174 554 North of BOISL017 3.4 9.1 30.9 167 Tillamook BOISL018 3.4 9.1 31.1 213 Garrity Blvd. BOISL019 RS580 3/7/2001 paved 3.6 9.1 6.1 32.5 97.3 348 978 Between Cavalry BOISL020 3.6 9.1 33.0 360 and 11th BOISL021 3.5 9.1 31.8 271 Amity Between BOISL022 RS583 3/7/2001 paved 3.9 3.0 12.2 11.8 36.7 198 603 Colorado and BOISL023 4.0 3.2 13.0 218 Diamond BOISL024 3.9 3.0 11.8 186 6th St. Between BOISL025 RS586 3/7/2001 paved 3.5 6.1 6.1 21.1 63.2 1169 4343 6th Avenue and BOISL026 3.5 6.1 21.1 1045 7th Ave BOISL027 3.5 6.1 21.1 2129 BOISL034 RS589 3/6/2001 unpaved 4.6 0.3 45.7 1.4 4.2 1567 7408 Howry BOISL035 4.6 0.3 1.4 2209 Cloverdale Farm Road Pierce Park BOISL036 4.6 0.3 1.4 3632 BOISL037 RS592 3/17/2001 unpaved 4.6 0.3 30.5 1.4 4.2 901 2728 BOISL038 4.6 0.3 1.4 1104 BOISL039 4.6 0.3 1.4 724 BOISL040 RS595 3/16/2001 unpaved 4.6 0.3 30.5 1.4 4.2 1111 4351 BOISL041 4.6 0.3 1.4 1467 BOISL042 4.6 0.3 1.4 1772 BOISL057 RS599 3/7/2001 unpaved 4.6 0.3 30.5 1.4 4.2 1099 3032 BOISL058 4.6 0.3 1.4 838 Unpaved Driveway Off Happy Valley BOISL059 4.6 0.3 1.4 1096 ACHD TC Sand BOISL044 RS598 3/8/01 De-icing grab sample N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A 2394 2394 2-3
Page 1: TREASURE VALLEY ROAD DUST STUDY: FI
Page 5 and 6: EXECUTIVE SUMMARY The Idaho Departm
Page 7 and 8: TABLE OF CONTENTS 1. INTRODUCTION..
Page 9: 6.3 DISCUSSION ....................
Page 12 and 13: are strongly correlated and that on
Page 14 and 15: Figure 4-17. Map of street sweeper
Page 16 and 17: xvi
Page 18 and 19: Table 5-3. Speeds and VKT by county
Page 20 and 21: Table A-28. Laboratory Silt Analysi
Page 22 and 23: ?? To assess the impact of winterti
Page 25: 2. SILT MEASUREMENTS For this study
Page 29 and 30: Figure 2-1. Map of Sample Collectio
Page 31 and 32: Table 2-5 Silt Content and Silt Loa
Page 33: collectors. In contrast, summer sil
Page 36 and 37: 3.2 TRAKER Measurements For the TVR
Page 38 and 39: introduced by the carbon vanes insi
Page 40 and 41: 3.2.4.1 Data Acquisition The TRAKER
Page 42 and 43: Figure 3-6 shows the TRAKER coeffic
Page 44 and 45: 250 200 PM2.5 signal (mg/m 3 ) 150
Page 46 and 47: Line losses associated with the Dus
Page 48 and 49: 1.2 1 Left Diluted Right Diluted Pr
Page 50 and 51: Table 3-2. Regression exponents for
Page 52 and 53: 3.4.2 Flux Calculation from Meteoro
Page 54 and 55: 12.2 m 0.16 9.0 m 0.05 5.7 m 0.22 4
Page 56 and 57: 400 Ford Ranger on NS Road by DW1 4
Page 58 and 59: ceiling can be further stretched to
Page 60 and 61: 100 sL = 2.5717(T*) 0.4741 R 2 = 0.
Page 62 and 63: 4.1.1 Converting TRAKER Data Into E
Page 64 and 65: Table 4-1. (cont) GIS coverages use
Page 66 and 67: Table 4-1. (cont) GIS coverages use
Page 68 and 69: a. b. Figure 4-1. Map of TRAKER Str
Page 70 and 71: egressions, R 2 and P-values are al
Page 72 and 73: Summer - Ada - Rural Summer - Ada -
Page 74 and 75: The average emissions factor is 6.7
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Figure 4-5. TRAKER Loop 4.3.1 Tempo
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weeks prior to being swept. While t
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4.3.2 Meteorological Effects on Unp
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Section 1 Section 2 Section 3 Figur
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Figure 4-13. Johnston HSD mechanica
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Approximately 8 hours after the ini
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One-second emissions potentials (i.
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5. EMISSIONS INVENTORIES FOR THE TR
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where E i.10 is the emissions in gr
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County Setting Road Class Speed (m/
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January, February, and March were u
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5.1.3.2a January 1 - 9, 2000, 2010,
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Table 5-9 Precipitation and snow co
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complete link-level emissions inven
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Table 5-14. Distributions of averag
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Taken on an average annual basis, T
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Z n , K zn , ? c/ ? z n Z 3 , K z3
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Table 6-1. Aerodynamic particle siz
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14 m 0 s 15 s 30 s 60 s 120 s 240 s
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Furthermore, the vertical profile o
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?? Sieving each sample to obtain a
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7-4 Table 7-1. Source Profile Key M
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Table 6-1 (continued). Table of geo
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Treasure Valley Road Dust Winter Pa
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7.3 Source Profile Summary This a p
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Table 7-4. Source profiles of Summe
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Table 7-6. Source profiles of Winte
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Bliss experiments were significant
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section was swept with a vacuum swe
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8.3 Differences Between Emissions M
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determine at this time what fractio
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sweepers to reduce PM 10 emissions
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McMahon T.A., and P.J. Denison (197
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Figure A-1. Map of Sample Collectio
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Table A-2. Summer 2001 Silt Samplin
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Table A-3. Laboratory Silt Analysis
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Figure A-3. Map of Silt Loading Loc
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Table A-10. Laboratory Silt Analysi
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Figure A-11. Sampling locations of
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APPENDIX B. BOISE PRECIPITATION AND
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Pecentile among days with precipita
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A.1 Wind speed The cumulative frequ
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APPENDIX C : EMISSIONS INVENTORIES:
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C.1.1.2a Field List for worksheets
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values specified by AP-42 and do no
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