treasure valley road dust study: final report - ResearchGate

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The TRAKER loop data combined with meteorological observations showed that precipitation has a multiple-day effect on unpaved roads. On the day of precipitation, emissions were reduced to 8% of the equivalent value for the road under dry conditions. On the day following precipitation, emissions were at 35% of those for the dry road. On subsequent days, emissions returned to the dry road value. The Traffic Demand Model networks for the year 2000 and future years were used in conjunction with TRAKER street surveys to arrive at a road dust emissions inventory for the Treasure Valley. For paved roads, year 2000 emissions during an average winter weekday were 81 metric tons per day, 31% higher than the emissions calculated on an annual average basis. 75% of paved road emissions originated in Ada County and 25% originated from Canyon County. Emissions on an annual average basis increased from year 2000 values by 26%, 42%, and 58% in 2010, 2015, and 2020, respectively. Unpaved road dust constituted 3.9% of all road dust emissions in the Treasure Valley on an annual average basis. The TRAKER-based emissions inventory for road dust assembled as part of this study yielded somewhat higher values for road dust than was reported in a prior inventory prepared by SAI (1997). The SAI inventory used the default values for silt loading recommended by the EPA AP-42 document. Calculation of emissions using the EPA AP-42 method with silt loadings measured on-site in the Treasure Valley yielded higher emissions than those calculated using the default values for silt loading. PM 10 and PM 2.5 resuspension samples were collected from paved and unpaved roads, ACHD road sand used for wintertime traction control, and dust generated as part of the chipsealing process. Samples were analyzed for chemical content and source profiles were constructed. Paved road source profiles were enriched in organic and elemental carbon compared with source profiles from unpaved roads. ACHD road sand contained a higher fraction of soluble sodium, chloride, and sulfate than material collected from paved roads. Source profiles for chipsealing material did not differ significantly from those for unpaved roads. Areas highlighted for future work include better assessment of the deposition of dust during transport between the point of emissions and air quality monitors, further investigation into the origin and fate of road dust- with special attention to elevated emissions in winter-, and a more comprehensive assessment of the effectiveness of street sweepers in curbing paved road emissions. vi
TABLE OF CONTENTS 1. INTRODUCTION..........................................................................................................1-1 1.1 BACKGROUND...........................................................................................................1-1 1.2 STUDY OBJECTIVES...................................................................................................1-1 1.3 TECHNICAL APPROACH..............................................................................................1-2 1.3.1 Field Data Collection .......................................................................................1-2 1.3.1.1 Silt Sampling ................................................................................................1-2 1.3.1.2 TRAKER......................................................................................................1-2 1.3.2 Laboratory Analysis..........................................................................................1-3 1.3.3 Data Processing ...............................................................................................1-3 1.4 GUIDE TO THE REPORT ..............................................................................................1-3 2. SILT MEASUREMENTS..............................................................................................2-1 2.1 METHODS .................................................................................................................2-2 2.1.1 Site Selection ....................................................................................................2-2 2.1.2 Sample procurement .........................................................................................2-2 2.2 RESULTS ...................................................................................................................2-5 3. TRAKER OPERATION................................................................................................3-1 3.1 DESCRIPTION OF THE TRAKER CONCEPT ..................................................................3-1 3.2 TRAKER MEASUREMENTS.......................................................................................3-2 3.2.1 Inlets.................................................................................................................3-2 3.2.2 Inlet Dilution System.........................................................................................3-3 3.2.3 Instruments .......................................................................................................3-4 3.2.3.1 TSI DustTraks...............................................................................................3-4 3.2.3.2 Grimm 1.108 Particle Size Analyzer .............................................................3-5 3.2.3.3 Ashtech Promark GPS ..................................................................................3-5 3.2.3.4 Airmetrics MiniVol.......................................................................................3-5 3.2.4 Data Acquisition and Measurement Documentation..........................................3-5 3.2.4.1 Data Acquisition ...........................................................................................3-6 3.2.4.2 Real-Time Measurement Documentation ......................................................3-6 3.3 TRAKER QA...........................................................................................................3-6 3.3.1 Measurement Range, Precision, and Out of Range Data...................................3-6 3.3.1.1 Inferring PM 10 from PM 2.5 ............................................................................3-8 3.3.1.2 TRAKER Validity Criteria............................................................................3-8 3.3.2 Inlet Loss ........................................................................................................3-11 3.3.3 Particle Concentration Dilution......................................................................3-13 3.3.4 Speed Tests .....................................................................................................3-14 3.4 TRAKER CALIBRATION: FLUX MEASUREMENTS AT FT. BLISS NEW MEXICO ..........3-16 3.4.1 Flux Measurement Configuration ...................................................................3-16 3.4.2 Flux Calculation from Meteorological and Particulate Concentrations ..........3-18 3.5 COMPARISON OF TRAKER MEASUREMENTS WITH FLUX .........................................3-22 3.5.1 Comparison with silt.......................................................................................3-24 4. RESULTS OF TRAKER MEASUREMENTS IN THE TREASURE VALLEY ........4-1 4.1 TRAKER DATA PROCESSING....................................................................................4-1 vii
Page 1: TREASURE VALLEY ROAD DUST STUDY: FI
Page 5: EXECUTIVE SUMMARY The Idaho Departm
Page 9: 6.3 DISCUSSION ....................
Page 12 and 13: are strongly correlated and that on
Page 14 and 15: Figure 4-17. Map of street sweeper
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Page 18 and 19: Table 5-3. Speeds and VKT by county
Page 20 and 21: Table A-28. Laboratory Silt Analysi
Page 22 and 23: ?? To assess the impact of winterti
Page 25 and 26: 2. SILT MEASUREMENTS For this study
Page 27 and 28: vehicle tires. The lengths of the s
Page 29 and 30: Figure 2-1. Map of Sample Collectio
Page 31 and 32: Table 2-5 Silt Content and Silt Loa
Page 33: collectors. In contrast, summer sil
Page 36 and 37: 3.2 TRAKER Measurements For the TVR
Page 38 and 39: introduced by the carbon vanes insi
Page 40 and 41: 3.2.4.1 Data Acquisition The TRAKER
Page 42 and 43: Figure 3-6 shows the TRAKER coeffic
Page 44 and 45: 250 200 PM2.5 signal (mg/m 3 ) 150
Page 46 and 47: Line losses associated with the Dus
Page 48 and 49: 1.2 1 Left Diluted Right Diluted Pr
Page 50 and 51: Table 3-2. Regression exponents for
Page 52 and 53: 3.4.2 Flux Calculation from Meteoro
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400 Ford Ranger on NS Road by DW1 4
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ceiling can be further stretched to
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100 sL = 2.5717(T*) 0.4741 R 2 = 0.
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4.1.1 Converting TRAKER Data Into E
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Table 4-1. (cont) GIS coverages use
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Table 4-1. (cont) GIS coverages use
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a. b. Figure 4-1. Map of TRAKER Str
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egressions, R 2 and P-values are al
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Summer - Ada - Rural Summer - Ada -
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The average emissions factor is 6.7
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Figure 4-5. TRAKER Loop 4.3.1 Tempo
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weeks prior to being swept. While t
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4.3.2 Meteorological Effects on Unp
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Section 1 Section 2 Section 3 Figur
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Figure 4-13. Johnston HSD mechanica
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Approximately 8 hours after the ini
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One-second emissions potentials (i.
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5. EMISSIONS INVENTORIES FOR THE TR
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where E i.10 is the emissions in gr
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County Setting Road Class Speed (m/
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January, February, and March were u
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5.1.3.2a January 1 - 9, 2000, 2010,
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Table 5-9 Precipitation and snow co
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complete link-level emissions inven
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Table 5-14. Distributions of averag
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Taken on an average annual basis, T
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Z n , K zn , ? c/ ? z n Z 3 , K z3
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Table 6-1. Aerodynamic particle siz
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14 m 0 s 15 s 30 s 60 s 120 s 240 s
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Furthermore, the vertical profile o
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?? Sieving each sample to obtain a
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7-4 Table 7-1. Source Profile Key M
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Table 6-1 (continued). Table of geo
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Treasure Valley Road Dust Winter Pa
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7.3 Source Profile Summary This a p
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Table 7-4. Source profiles of Summe
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Table 7-6. Source profiles of Winte
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Bliss experiments were significant
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section was swept with a vacuum swe
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8.3 Differences Between Emissions M
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determine at this time what fractio
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sweepers to reduce PM 10 emissions
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McMahon T.A., and P.J. Denison (197
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Figure A-1. Map of Sample Collectio
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Table A-2. Summer 2001 Silt Samplin
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Table A-3. Laboratory Silt Analysis
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Figure A-3. Map of Silt Loading Loc
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Table A-10. Laboratory Silt Analysi
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Figure A-11. Sampling locations of
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APPENDIX B. BOISE PRECIPITATION AND
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Pecentile among days with precipita
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A.1 Wind speed The cumulative frequ
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APPENDIX C : EMISSIONS INVENTORIES:
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C.1.1.2a Field List for worksheets
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values specified by AP-42 and do no
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