The FuTure oF nuclear Fuel cycle - MIT Energy Initiative

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Figure d.3 direct disposal Consequences The Once-Through Fuel Cycle with Direct Underground Storage/Disposal Environmental Friendliness Mining, milling, enrichment, fuel fabrication Transport of spent and recycled fuel Public Safety reactor operation and decommissioning period Spent fuel storage — 50 years on top of Pal Final disposal of SF and other waste — between 50 and up to 200 uranium enrichment Security reactor operation and decommissioning period Spent fuel storage — 50 years on top of Pal Final disposal of SF and other waste — 100 years after Pal Resource Durability consuming uranium energy production with u — 100 years retrievable stored/disposed of spent fuel Economic Viability Safety measures — until the end of retrieval period Technical Applicability Geological disposal Generation 1 Generation 1 Gen n note: The elements Indicated in red represent the divergences from current Practice in the u.S. as Illustrated in Fig. 2. Transmutation of actinides: LWR-FR In some countries (such as France and Great-Britain), SF is currently recycled in order to extract uranium and plutonium for reuse in LWRs and to reduce the waste lifetime. It is, however, a method that has received widespread criticism because of the proliferation risks attached to separating plutonium. A future possibility, to retain the advantages of recycling but to reduce security burdens, would be to develop an integrated fuel cycle that extracts uranium as fuel and consumes plutonium, together with minor actinides, in fast reactors. This fuel cycle Partitions & Transmutes (P&T) fission products and actinides. Before this type of fuel cycle can be deployed at industrial level it needs to be technologically refined and it must be economically viable. appendix d: Intergenerational equity considerations of Fuel cycle choices 219
Figure d.4 transmutation Consequences The additional economic, safety and security burdens attached to developing the required technology and building the necessary extra facilities (i.e. reprocessing facilities and fast reactors) will mainly be borne by Gen. 1. This approach is capable of substantially reducing the long-term concerns for Gen. 2-n, as the long-lived actinides will be fissioned (or transmuted) in fast reactors. In our further analysis we refer to this fuel cycle as the LWR-FR (transmuter). In Figure D.4, the P&T approach is assessed and the differences when compared to the once-through cycle are highlighted in red. LWR-FR (transmuter) Environmental Friendliness Mining, milling, enrichment, fuel fabrication Transport of spent and recycled fuel Public Safety reactor operation and decommissioning period x Spent fuel storage — 50 years on top of Pal Final disposal of SF and other waste — between 50 and up to 200 Mining, milling, enrichment, fuel fabrication uranium enrichment Security reactor operation and decommissioning period Spent fuel storage — 50 years on top of Pal Final disposal of SF and other waste — 100 years after Pal Resource Durability consuming uranium energy production with u — 100 years retrievable stored/disposed of spent fuel Economic Viability Building reprocessing plants and Frs Safety measures — until the end of retrieval period Geological disposal Technical Applicability reprocessing & fuel fabrication applying fast reactors Generation 1 Generation 1 Gen n note: The elements indicated in red represent the divergence from current practice in the u.S. as illustrated in Fig. 2. 220 MIT STudy on The FuTure oF nuclear Fuel cycle
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Other Reports in This Series The Fu
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MIT Nuclear Fuel Cycle Study Adviso
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vi MIT STudy on The FuTure oF nucle
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viii MIT STudy on The FuTure oF nuc
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Study Findings and Recommendations
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Recommendation We recommend that a
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p Innovative nuclear energy applica
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p In line with many of our R&D reco
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The “once through” or open fuel
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have been implemented slowly. This
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Recommendation We recommend that th
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oped policies for specific wastes r
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nuClear Fuel CyCleS The united Stat
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- The primary differences were in t
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Recommendation Integrated system st
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Table 1.2 Summary of R&D Recommenda
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18 MIT STudy on The FuTure oF nucle
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the once-through Fuel Cycle for lig
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tricity costs. Waste management cos
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Figure 2.3 partial recycle of lWr S
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history of the nuclear Fuel Cycle B
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• What is the impact of timing of
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nuclear fuel cycles, the wastes (SN
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Because ore demand is closely coupl
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eStimatinG Future CoStS oF uranium
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Figure 3.3 relative uranium Cost vs
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Figure 3.4 100 year price trend for
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Stockpiling If supply interruption
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CitationS and noteS 1. Uranium 2007
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If SNF is to be shipped, typically
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a policy that maintains fuel cycle
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Dry cask storage is used for short
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For decommissioned sites, our econo
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with its attractiveness of jobs and
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2. The United States should create
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Table 5.1 United States Waste Class
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table 5.3 examples of operational G
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Waste Isolation Pilot Plant The uni
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Successful repository programs are
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designed with limited SNF storage c
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CitationS and noteS 1. A Handbook f
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energy spectrum centered at higher
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light Water reactor Fuel technical
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(fertile-free) to CR=1.0 (break-eve
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license. However, fuel reprocessing
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Figure 6.4 densification Factors as
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As expected, the breeder installed
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Figure 6.8 shows the development of
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Table 6.8 Uranium Cost in $/kg, Sta
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Figure 6.11 location of the tru inv
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SenSitivity analySiS: alternative a
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Fast reactor technical Characterist
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cooled fast reactor (SFR) fueled by
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Summary oF ConCluSionS Among the in
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[hoffman et al., 2006] e.a. hoffman
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This chapter reports the cost of th
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Table 7.1 Input Parameter Assumptio
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Twice-Through Cycle Table 7.3 shows
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Table 7.4 The LCOE for the Fast Rea
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higher cost of disposal of the spen
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110 MIT STudy on The FuTure oF nucl
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power program might be used, as is
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Figure 8.1 Weapons-usability Charac
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inStitutional approaCheS to Fuel Cy
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the iaea additional protocol an Iae
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in technology innovation are likely
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Reprocessing choices Commercial rep
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Table 8.2 Safeguard Technical Objec
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port for nuclear power over the per
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Those Americans who have an opinion
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who are very concerned with global
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p Waste management must be integrat
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options because we do not know toda
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Nuclear Security. Nonproliferation
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There have been major changes in ou
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There are large financial and polic
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Figure 3A.2 shows the results. As c
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Figure A.3 plots Eq (2), where adva
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Again, assuming that q = 0.29, the
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Note that Eq. [7] suggests employin
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Figure 3b.1 Cumulative probability
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Figure 5a.1 decay of radioactivity
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and 241 Am. For the short term, hea
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Repository Engineering All reposito
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epreSentative repoSitory deSiGnS: u
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orehole diSpoSal There are three me
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