The FuTure oF nuclear Fuel cycle - MIT Energy Initiative

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CitationS and noteS 1. Managed and operated by UChicago Argonne, LLC, for the U.S. Department of Energy under Contract No. DE-AC02- 06CH11357 2. Bischoff and Stratton. “Process for the production of ceramic plutonium-uranium nuclear fuel in the form of sintered pellets”. United States 4231976. 1980 3. Based on technologies developed by RIAR (Research Institute of Atomic Reactors) in Russia “Trends in Nuclear Fuel Cycles Economic, Environmental and Social Aspects”, Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development 2002, Chapter 4. 4. U.S. Department of Energy Press Release “Department of Energy Seeks to Invest up to $15 Million in Funding for Nuclear Fuel Cycle Technology Research and Development” April 17, 2008 5. U.S. Department of Energy, “Draft GNEP Programmatic Environmental Impact Statement”, DOE/EIS-0396 October 2008 6. U.S. Department of Energy, “Draft Nonproliferation Impact Assessment for the GNEP Programmatic Alternatives”, NNSA, December 2008 7. U.S. General Accounting Office, “GNEP DOE Should Reassess Its Approach to Designing and Building Spent Fuel Recycling Facilities”, GAO-08-483 Washington, D.C. April 2008 8. U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission “Background, Status, and Issues Related to the Regulation of Advanced Spent Nuclear Fuel Recycling Facilities”, ACNW&M White Paper, June 2008, NUREG-1909 9. Nuclear Waste Technical Review Board, Presentations, June 11 and September 23, 2009 and “GNEP Deployment Studies: Executive Summary GA Project 30293”, General Atomics, May 22, 2008, San Diego CA, PC-000555 Rev 2 appendix e: Status of Fuel cycle Technologies 237
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Other Reports in This Series The Fu
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MIT Nuclear Fuel Cycle Study Adviso
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vi MIT STudy on The FuTure oF nucle
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viii MIT STudy on The FuTure oF nuc
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Study Findings and Recommendations
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Recommendation We recommend that a
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p Innovative nuclear energy applica
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p In line with many of our R&D reco
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The “once through” or open fuel
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have been implemented slowly. This
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Recommendation We recommend that th
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oped policies for specific wastes r
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nuClear Fuel CyCleS The united Stat
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- The primary differences were in t
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Recommendation Integrated system st
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Table 1.2 Summary of R&D Recommenda
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18 MIT STudy on The FuTure oF nucle
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the once-through Fuel Cycle for lig
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tricity costs. Waste management cos
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Figure 2.3 partial recycle of lWr S
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history of the nuclear Fuel Cycle B
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• What is the impact of timing of
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nuclear fuel cycles, the wastes (SN
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Because ore demand is closely coupl
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eStimatinG Future CoStS oF uranium
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Figure 3.3 relative uranium Cost vs
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Figure 3.4 100 year price trend for
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Stockpiling If supply interruption
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CitationS and noteS 1. Uranium 2007
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If SNF is to be shipped, typically
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a policy that maintains fuel cycle
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Dry cask storage is used for short
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For decommissioned sites, our econo
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with its attractiveness of jobs and
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2. The United States should create
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Table 5.1 United States Waste Class
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table 5.3 examples of operational G
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Waste Isolation Pilot Plant The uni
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Successful repository programs are
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designed with limited SNF storage c
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CitationS and noteS 1. A Handbook f
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energy spectrum centered at higher
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light Water reactor Fuel technical
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(fertile-free) to CR=1.0 (break-eve
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license. However, fuel reprocessing
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Figure 6.4 densification Factors as
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As expected, the breeder installed
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Figure 6.8 shows the development of
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Table 6.8 Uranium Cost in $/kg, Sta
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Figure 6.11 location of the tru inv
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SenSitivity analySiS: alternative a
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Fast reactor technical Characterist
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cooled fast reactor (SFR) fueled by
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Summary oF ConCluSionS Among the in
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[hoffman et al., 2006] e.a. hoffman
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This chapter reports the cost of th
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Table 7.1 Input Parameter Assumptio
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Twice-Through Cycle Table 7.3 shows
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Table 7.4 The LCOE for the Fast Rea
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higher cost of disposal of the spen
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110 MIT STudy on The FuTure oF nucl
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power program might be used, as is
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Figure 8.1 Weapons-usability Charac
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inStitutional approaCheS to Fuel Cy
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the iaea additional protocol an Iae
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in technology innovation are likely
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Reprocessing choices Commercial rep
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Table 8.2 Safeguard Technical Objec
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port for nuclear power over the per
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Those Americans who have an opinion
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who are very concerned with global
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p Waste management must be integrat
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options because we do not know toda
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Nuclear Security. Nonproliferation
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There have been major changes in ou
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There are large financial and polic
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Figure 3A.2 shows the results. As c
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Figure A.3 plots Eq (2), where adva
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Again, assuming that q = 0.29, the
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Note that Eq. [7] suggests employin
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Figure 3b.1 Cumulative probability
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Figure 5a.1 decay of radioactivity
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and 241 Am. For the short term, hea
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Repository Engineering All reposito
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epreSentative repoSitory deSiGnS: u
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orehole diSpoSal There are three me
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table 7a.1 list of variables , 1 lc
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The Twice-Through Cycle The LCOE fo
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A proper representation of the chai
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In the Twice-Through Cycle, the pai
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table 7a.2 once-through Fuel Cycle
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above ground storage. However, the
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CitationS and noteS 1. The methodol
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Historically, the interest in thori
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p Analogous to plutonium. Plutonium
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Page 211 and 212: via 239 Pu and 240 Pu, and then the
Page 213 and 214: urnups, but the gap between the nec
Page 215 and 216: (~700°C) with higher thermal-to-el
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Page 229 and 230: CitationS and noteS Brinkmann, H. U
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Page 235 and 236: In our analysis we make the explici
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Page 241 and 242: facilities. These concerns are the
Page 243 and 244: Technological applicability Geologi
Page 245 and 246: It must be noted, that net risks an
Page 247 and 248: p Once-through fast reactor fuel. T
Page 249 and 250: Table E.1 Recycling Plant Functions
Page 251 and 252: Table E.3 Conventional Fuel Fabrica
Page 253: eactor. A summary of inputs from in
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