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86 Gas Turbine Handbook: Principles and Practices • engage starter • purge inlet and exhaust ducts • energize ignitors • switch fuel on. The primary function of the starting system is to accelerate the gas generator from rest to a speed point just beyond the self-sustaining speed of the gas generator (Figure 6-1). To accomplish this the starter must develop enough torque to overcome the drag torque of the gas generator’s compressor and turbine, any attached loads including accessories loads, and bearing resistance. The single shaft gas turbines with directly attached loads (such as electric generators) represent the highest starting torque as the driven load must also be accelerated from rest to a speed sufficiently above gas generator self-sustaining speed. Two shaft gas turbines (consisting of the gas generator and the driven load connected to the free power turbine) represent the lowest starting torque requirements. In this case only the gas generator is rotated. Another function of the starting systems is to rotate the gas generator, after shutdown, to hasten cooling. The purge and cool-down functions have lead to utilization of two-speed starters. The low speed is used for purge and cooling and the high speed is used to start the unit. When sizing the starter, the designer should keep in mind that the gas generator must move 3 to 5 times the volume of the exhaust stack to insure purging any residual gas from that area. Also control system programmers and operators should be aware that the purge time, within the start cycle, is necessary for safe operation. Gas generators are started by rotating the compressor. This is accomplished in a number of ways: • starter directly connected to the compressor shaft • starter indirectly connected to the compressor shaft via the accessory gearbox • impingement air directed into the compressor or compressorturbine. Devices used to start gas generators include electric ( alternating current and direct current) motors, pneumatic motors, hydraulic motors, diesel motors, and small gas turbines.
Accessories 87 Figure 6-1. Courtesy of United Technologies Corporation, Pratt & Whitney Aircraft. A typical starting cycle for a gas turbine. Note that the time from starter ‘on’ to engine ‘idle’ is measured in seconds. This could be as little as 10 seconds for an aero-derivative gas turbine to 30 seconds for a heavy frame industrial gas turbine. Electric Motors Alternating Current Where alternating current (AC) power is available, three-phase induction type motors are the preferred choice for starter drivers. In general, the induction motor is directly connected to the compressor shaft or the starter pad of the accessory gearbox. On some engine models the starter pad mount is a tight fit due to the size of an electric motor and the configuration of the accessory gearbox. Also, as
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Dedication This book is dedicated t
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Contents PREFACE ..................
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Chapter 13—BOROSCOPE INSPECTION .
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Preface to the Third Edition The ne
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Acknowledgments I wish to thank the
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2 Gas Turbine Handbook: Principles
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Figure 2-3. Courtesy of United Tech
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Appendix A-2 304 Gas Turbine Handbo
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5. Weather Hood Material __________
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Appendix C-6 Air/Oil Cooler Specifi
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9. Drive Requirements A. Hydraulic
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22. Packaging For Shipment Per Spec
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Parameters Units NH 3 CO H 2 CH 4 C
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.055 Parameters Units 1/0 .88/.12 .
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Koppers Foster Blue Coal Gas Winkle
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