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188 Gas Turbine Handbook: Principles and Practices Figure 12-1. Single spool gas turbine estimated parameter changes with turbine nozzle area change.
Detectable Problems 189 Note: Accurate airflow measurement requires a calibrated bellmouth at the inlet of the gas generator supported by temperature readings at this location. A bellmouth, when provided, is calibrated at the factory, usually with the gas generator. Since calibrated bellmouths are not normally provided, airflow measurements are rarely taken in the field. However, relative changes in airflow can be obtained by instrumenting the inlet bellmouth and establishing a baseline. Therefore, changes in airflow are indicated in this section in the hope that this parameter may eventually be utilized to evaluate engine health. turbine efficiency and an increase in N 2 stall margin. More readily seen parameter changes (at constant power) are increases in compressor pressure ratio of the low pressure compressor (P 3 /P 2 ), exhaust gas temperature, and fuel flow, and decreases in compressor pressure ratio of the high pressure compressor (P 4 /P 2 ), compressor discharge temperature, and N 2 rotor speed (Figure 12-2). Decreases in N 1 rotor speed and air flow also occur, but these changes are not easily detectable, especially with small changes in nozzle area. Considering the low pressure turbine on dual-spool machines, turbine blade and vane erosion result in a decrease in turbine efficiency and an increase in N 1 stall margin. More readily seen parameter changes (at constant power) are increases in N 2 rotor speed, fuel flow, exhaust gas temperature, and high pressure compressor discharge temperature (T 4 ), and decreases in N 1 rotor speed, low pressure compressor discharge pressure ratio (P 3 /P 2 ), and low pressure compressor discharge temperature (T 3 ), as shown in Figure 12-3. Although a decrease in airflow also occurs, the change is not easily detectable. To improve gas turbine package performance and increase overall power output, manufacturers have continually increased turbine inlet temperatures. While much of this increase has resulted from improvements in turbine materials, the implementation of turbine cooling has been a major contributing factor. Turbine blade and nozzle cooling is accomplished by routing relatively cool air from the gas turbine-compressor back to the hot turbine components. This relatively cool (400°F-600°F) air is ported
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Gas Turbine Handbook: Principles an
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Gas Turbine Handbook: Principles an
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Dedication This book is dedicated t
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Contents PREFACE ..................
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Chapter 13—BOROSCOPE INSPECTION .
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Preface to the Third Edition The ne
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Acknowledgments I wish to thank the
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2 Gas Turbine Handbook: Principles
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Figure 2-3. Courtesy of United Tech
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100 Gas Turbine Handbook: Principle
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Chart 8-1 Gas Turbine Environments
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Appendix A-2 304 Gas Turbine Handbo
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5. Weather Hood Material __________
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Appendix C-6 Air/Oil Cooler Specifi
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9. Drive Requirements A. Hydraulic
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22. Packaging For Shipment Per Spec
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Parameters Units NH 3 CO H 2 CH 4 C
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.055 Parameters Units 1/0 .88/.12 .
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Koppers Foster Blue Coal Gas Winkle
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