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Acknowledgments I wish to thank the following people for their assistance in proofreading this book and for their suggestions and ideas: Robin Kellogg, Editor of Western Energy Magazine; Carl Gipson, Jr., MSME, my sister Loretta Giampaolo, BAN, RN; and my son Vince Giampaolo, MSM&PO, MANS&SS, Lt. Comdr., USN. I must also thank Paul Crossman for his support in arranging the first Gas Turbine Seminar, upon which this book is based. I am also grateful for the support I have received from my family: my wife, my children and their spouses. I would like to acknowledge the contribution of Mr. Eldon F. Ray, Jr., P.E., for providing the chapter on acoustics (Chapter 10). Finally I would like to thank the following companies for their confidence and support by providing many of the photographs and charts that are in this book: ABB STAL AB American Air Filter International ASEA Brown Boveri AG Baltimore Aircoil Company Capstone Turbine Corp. Catalytica Combustion Systems Cooper Cameron Corporation DEMAG DELAVAL Turbomachinery Corp. Diesel & Gas Turbine Worldwide Catalog Elliott Energy System, Inc. Farr Filter Company General Electric Company Harbor Cogeneration Company Ingersoll-Rand Energy Systems Olympus America Inc. Rolls Royce Industrial & Marine Gas Turbines Limited Solar Turbines Incorporated SRI International United Technologies Corporation Hamilton Standard Division United Technologies Corporation Pratt & Whitney Aircraft United Technologies Corporation Pratt & Whitney Canada xiii
Evolution of the Gas Turbine 1 Chapter 1 Evolution of the Gas Turbine T hrough the design experience developed for steam turbines and available to gas turbines, it is not surprising that gas generator compressors, turbines, and power-extraction turbines bear a striking resemblance to each other and to the steam turbine. Nor should it be surprising that the axial flow compressors of today’s gas turbines resemble the reaction steam turbine with the flow direction reversed. While many people today recognize the similarities between steam and gas turbine components, most do not fully appreciate the common history these two products share. History tells us that the idea for the gas turbine and the steam turbine were conceived simultaneously. As early as 1791, John Barber’s patent for the steam turbine described other fluids or gases as potential energy sources. “John Barber invented what may be considered a gas turbine in which gas was produced from heated coal, mixed with air, compressed and then burnt. This produced a high speed jet that impinged on radial blades on a turbine wheel rim.” 1 John Barber’s ideas, as well as those before him (Giovanni Branca’s impulse steam turbine—1629, Leonardo da Vinci’s “smoke mill”—1550, and Hero of Alexandria’s reaction steam turbine—130 BC) 2 were just ideas. Even though the gas turbines described by these early visionaries would today be more accurately termed ‘turboexpanders’ (the source of compressed air or gas being a by-product of a separate process), there is no evidence that any of these ideas were ever turned into working hardware until the late 19th Century. For the next 90 years ideas abounded, but all attempts to produce working hardware were unsuccessful. As Norman Davy stated in 1914, “The theory of the gas turbine was as fully grasped by Barber at the end of the eighteenth century, and by Bresson in the beginning of the nineteenth century, as it is by experts today. The success of the gas turbine as a heat engine rest solely upon practical limitations.” 3 1
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Page 6 and 7: Dedication This book is dedicated t
Page 8 and 9: Contents PREFACE ..................
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50 Gas Turbine Handbook: Principles
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100 Gas Turbine Handbook: Principle
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Chart 8-1 Gas Turbine Environments
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Appendix A-2 304 Gas Turbine Handbo
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5. Weather Hood Material __________
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Appendix C-6 Air/Oil Cooler Specifi
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9. Drive Requirements A. Hydraulic
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22. Packaging For Shipment Per Spec
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Parameters Units NH 3 CO H 2 CH 4 C
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.055 Parameters Units 1/0 .88/.12 .
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Koppers Foster Blue Coal Gas Winkle
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