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370 Gas Turbine Handbook: Principles and Practices Appendix C-8 Liquid Fuel Properties This information is reprinted from an article “The Use of Liquid Fuel in Industrial Gas Turbines,” by M.A. Galica and K.H. Maden, courtesy of Solar Turbines Incorporated. Typical Properties of Liquid Fuels ———————————————————————————————— True Distillates Ash-bearing Fuels ———————————————————————————————— Blended No. 2 Residuals Heavy Fuel Type Kerosene Distillate and Crudes Residuals ———————————————————————————————— Specific Gravity, 60°F/60°F 0.78-0.83 0.82-0.86 0.80-0.92 0.92-1.05 Viscosity, cSt, 100°F 1.4-2.2 2.0-4.0 2-100 100-1800 Flash Point, °F 130-160 150-200 50-200 175-265 Pour Point, °F –50 (–10)–30 15-110 15-95 Lower Heating Value Btu/lb 18,480-18,700 18,330-18,530 18,000-18,620 17,200-18,000 MJ/kg 42.9-43.4 42.6-43.0 41.8-43.2 39.9-41.8 Filterable Dirt, % Max 0.002 0.005 0.05 0.2 Carbon Residue (10% Bottoms), % 0.01-0.1 0.03-0.3 — — Carbon Residue (100% Sample), % — — 0.3-3 2-10 Sulfur, % 0.01-0.1 0.1-0.8 0.2-3 0.5-4 Nitrogen, % 0.002-0.01 0.005-0.06 0.06-0.2 0.05-0.9 Hydrogen, % 12.8-14.5 12.2-13.2 12.0-13.2 10-12.5 Ash, ppm 1-5 2-50 25-200 100-1000 Sodium Plus Potassium, ppm 0-0.05 0-1 1-100 1-350 Vanadium, ppm 0-0.1 0-0.1 0.1-80 5-400 Lead, ppm 0-0.05 0-1 0-1 0-25 Calcium, ppm 0-1 0-2 0-10 0-50 ————————————————————————————————
Appendix C 371 Typical Properties of Alcohols ———————————————————————————————— Parameters Methanol Ethanol Isopropanol ———————————————————————————————— Formula CH 3 OH CH 3 CH 2 OH (CH 3 ) 2 CHOH Molecular Weight 32.04 46.07 60.09 Specific Gravity (60°F.60°F) 0.796 0.794 0.789 Boiling Temperature (°F) 149 172 180 Flash Point (°F) 52 55 53 Lower Heating Value (Btu/lbm) 8,570 11,500 19,070 Autoignition Temperature (°F) 867 793 750 Flammability Limits (Vol. %) Lower 6.7 4.3 2.0 Higher 36.0 19.0 12.0 ————————————————————————————————
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Gas Turbine Handbook: Principles an
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Gas Turbine Handbook: Principles an
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Dedication This book is dedicated t
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Contents PREFACE ..................
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Chapter 13—BOROSCOPE INSPECTION .
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Preface to the Third Edition The ne
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Acknowledgments I wish to thank the
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2 Gas Turbine Handbook: Principles
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100 Gas Turbine Handbook: Principle
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Chart 8-1 Gas Turbine Environments
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Appendix A-2 304 Gas Turbine Handbo
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Page 370 and 371: 5. Weather Hood Material __________
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