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136 Gas Turbine Handbook: Principles and Practices Figure 9-3. Typical NO x emissions as a function of temperature. WATER OR STEAM INJECTION Power augmentation is obtained by cooling the air entering the gas turbine combustor by means of vaporization of water introduced into the airstream. Cooling the air increases the air-density and the mass flow. More air and cooler air to the combustor permits more fuel to be burned before reaching the turbine inlet temperature limit. To
Gas Turbine Exhaust Treatment 137 obtain effective cooling a liquid with a high heat of vaporization is preferred and water has a high heat of vaporization. Both water and steam injection increase the power output of the gas turbine by adding to the mass flow through the turbine. WATER INJECTION: During the early development of gas turbines, water was injected into the compressor, diffuser, or combustor to increase power output. This technique was applied to both the aircraft “jet” gas turbine engine to increase takeoff thrust, and the stationary heavy industrial gas turbines for peaking power. Today, in order to control the formation of organic NO, demineralized/deionized water is injected directly into the combustion zones of the gas turbine thereby influencing the chemical reaction of the combustion process. In addition to lowering the flame and gas temperatures, vaporized water also increases the mass flow through the engine. As a result, at a constant power output, combustion and turbine temperatures are reduced. The combination of the reduced combustion temperatures and changes in the chemical reaction can reduce NO x formation up to 80%. The amount of water necessary to accomplish this reduction in NO x is a function of the diffuser, combustor, and fuel nozzle design. Water injection rates are generally quoted as a water-tofuel ratio or as a percentage of compressor inlet air flow. The water injection rate for a typical 80 MW heavy frame gas turbine would be 0.6 water-to-fuel ratio or 1.15 % of total air flow. The amount of water injected into the diffuser or the combustor is limited by several factors. Water injection moves the operating line closer to the compressor surge line (Figure 9-4). Also, too much water will quench the combustion flame, resulting in flame-out. The water used for NO x control is demineralized and deionized to eliminate deposits from forming on the hot metal surfaces of the combustor, turbine nozzles, and turbine blades. When handling demineralized/deionized water, care must be taken to select materials that are resistant to its highly reactive attack. Therefore, piping should be AISI 304L and valves and pumps should be 316L stainless steel.
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Dedication This book is dedicated t
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Contents PREFACE ..................
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Chapter 13—BOROSCOPE INSPECTION .
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Preface to the Third Edition The ne
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Acknowledgments I wish to thank the
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2 Gas Turbine Handbook: Principles
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Figure 2-3. Courtesy of United Tech
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Figure 5-4. Courtesy of United Tech
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Appendix A-2 304 Gas Turbine Handbo
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5. Weather Hood Material __________
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Appendix C-6 Air/Oil Cooler Specifi
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9. Drive Requirements A. Hydraulic
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22. Packaging For Shipment Per Spec
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Parameters Units NH 3 CO H 2 CH 4 C
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.055 Parameters Units 1/0 .88/.12 .
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Koppers Foster Blue Coal Gas Winkle
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