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142 Gas Turbine Handbook: Principles and Practices Figure 9-7. Anhydrous ammonia injection system. mixture is vaporized, and the ammonia vapors and water vapors are forwarded to the injection manifold for injection into the gas turbine exhaust. EFFECTS OF OPERATING PARAMETERS Gas Temperature NO x removal efficiency peaks at a different temperature for different catalysts. Therefore, the choice of catalyst and location in the exhaust stream depends on the gas turbine’s operating profile and temperature. Water Vapor Concentration The water vapor content in the exhaust gas has an adverse effect on the NH 3 removal efficiency. Therefore, increases in water vapor content result in lower SCR efficiency.
Gas Turbine Exhaust Treatment 143 Aging Effect The catalyst’s performance tends to deteriorate with time. The rate of deterioration is high at the beginning of operation and becomes moderate after initial settlement. Ammonia Slip In theory the amount of ammonia injected into the gas stream should equal the amount of NO x to be removed from the gas stream. However, because the ammonia does not completely mix with the NO x , more ammonia must be injected. Ammonia slip is the excess residual ammonia in the downstream gas. Also, based on the catalyst selected, SO 2 can convert to SO 3 . When the ammonia, water vapor, and SO 3 combine ammonia sulfates are formed as follows 12 : SO 3 + 2NH 3 + H 2 O ⇒ (NH 4 ) 2 HSO 4 (9-6) SO 3 + NH 3 + H 2 O ⇒ (NH 4 )HSO 4 (9-7) Ammonia sulfates are sticky substances that will deposit on the equipment downstream of the SCR. These deposits will result in reducing the cross-sectional area and increasing backpressure. For each inch water column increase in backpressure power decreases by 0.25% and heat rate increases 0.25%. Ammonia sulfate starts forming when ammonia slip is greater than 10 ppm and the SO 3 concentration is greater than 5 ppm. This problem is less likely to occur when exhaust gas temperatures are maintained above 400°F (205°C) and natural gas or low sulfur fuel is used. References 1. “Atmospheric Chemistry: Trace Gases and Particulates,” W.H. Fisher (1972). 2. “The Sulfur Cycle,” W.W. Kellogg (1972). 3. “Ground Level Concentrations of Gas Turbine Emissions,” H.L. Hamilton, E.W. Zeltmen (1974). 4. “Air Quality Standards National and International,” S. Yanagisawa, (1973). 5. “Emissions, Concentrations, And Fate Of Gaseous Pollutants,” R. Robinson, R.C. Robbins (1971). 6. “Abatement of Nitrogen Oxides Emission for Stationary Sources,” National Academy of Engineers (1972). 7. “Gas Turbine Fuels,” W.S.Y. Hung, Ph.D., Solar Turbines, Inc, 1989.
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Gas Turbine Handbook: Principles an
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Gas Turbine Handbook: Principles an
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Dedication This book is dedicated t
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Contents PREFACE ..................
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Chapter 13—BOROSCOPE INSPECTION .
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Preface to the Third Edition The ne
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Acknowledgments I wish to thank the
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2 Gas Turbine Handbook: Principles
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Figure 2-3. Courtesy of United Tech
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Appendix A-2 304 Gas Turbine Handbo
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5. Weather Hood Material __________
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Appendix C-6 Air/Oil Cooler Specifi
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9. Drive Requirements A. Hydraulic
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22. Packaging For Shipment Per Spec
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Parameters Units NH 3 CO H 2 CH 4 C
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.055 Parameters Units 1/0 .88/.12 .
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Koppers Foster Blue Coal Gas Winkle
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