Global Education Digest 2012 - International Reading Association
Global Education Digest 2012 - International Reading Association
Global Education Digest 2012 - International Reading Association
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OPPORTUNITIES LOST: THE IMPACT OF GRADE REPETITION AND EARLY SCHOOL LEAVING<br />
School life expectancy (approximation method) in years<br />
Primary and secondary (ISCED 1-3) Tertiary (ISCED 5-6) Primary to tertiary (ISCED 1-6)<br />
MF M F GPI MF M F GPI MF M F GPI<br />
(9) (10) (11) (12) (13) (14) (15) (16) (17) (18) (19) (20)<br />
... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...<br />
... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...<br />
10.6 10.5 10.6 1.01 ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...<br />
10.9 10.9 11.0 1.01 2.2 -1 1.8 -1 2.7 -1 1.53 -1 13.2 -1 12.6 -1 13.7 -1 1.09 -1<br />
10.0 -1 10.1 -1 10.0 -1 1.00 -1 2.1 -1 1.7 -1 2.4 -1 1.41 -1 12.1 -1 11.8 -1 12.4 -1 1.06 -1<br />
11.1 11.1 11.0 0.99 2.1 2.1 2.2 1.09 13.2 13.2 13.3 1.01<br />
10.5 ** 10.3 ** 10.7 ** 1.05 ** 4.3 3.5 5.1 1.48 14.8 ** 13.7 ** 15.9 ** 1.16 **<br />
11.4 * 11.4 * 11.4 * 1.00 * 0.9 -2 0.6 -2 1.2 -2 2.10 -2 12.9 ** , -2 12.4 ** , -2 13.4 ** , -2 1.08 ** , -2<br />
11.4 ** 11.5 ** 11.2 ** 0.97 ** 0.6 0.3 0.8 2.49 12.7 ** 12.4 ** 13.0 ** 1.05 **<br />
12.8 13.0 12.6 0.97 ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...<br />
12.2 ** , -1 11.8 ** , -1 12.5 ** , -1 1.06 ** , -1 ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...<br />
11.6 ** , -2 11.6 ** , -2 11.6 ** , -2 1.01 ** , -2 ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...<br />
... ... ... ... — ** , -2 — ** , -2 — ** , -2 0.90 ** , -2 ... ... ... ...<br />
12.2 -1 ... ... ... 3.3 -1 2.5 -1 4.2 -1 1.70 -1 15.5 -1 ... ... ...<br />
10.3 10.2 10.4 1.02 4.0 -1 ... ... ... 14.4 -1 ... ... ...<br />
NORTH AMERICA AND WESTERN EUROPE<br />
10.3 10.1 10.4 1.03 0.4 -2 0.3 -2 0.4 -2 1.41 -2 11.7 -2 11.1 -2 12.3 -2 1.11 -2<br />
11.8 ** 11.9 ** 11.6 ** 0.97 ** 2.8 -1 2.6 -1 3.1 -1 1.18 -1 15.3 ** , -1 15.1 ** , -1 15.6 ** , -1 1.03 ** , -1<br />
12.9 -1 13.0 -1 12.8 -1 0.98 -1 3.3 -1 2.9 -1 3.7 -1 1.25 -1 16.4 -1 16.1 -1 16.7 -1 1.04 -1<br />
12.0 -2 12.1 -2 11.9 -2 0.99 -2 ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...<br />
12.3 * 12.3 * 12.3 * 1.00 * 2.6 * 2.8 * 2.5 * 0.88 * 14.9 * 15.1 * 14.7 * 0.98 *<br />
13.2 -1 13.1 -1 13.2 -1 1.01 -1 3.6 -1 3.0 -1 4.2 -1 1.41 -1 16.8 -1 16.1 -1 17.4 -1 1.08 -1<br />
12.4 12.3 12.5 1.02 4.5 4.1 5.0 1.22 16.9 16.4 17.5 1.07<br />
13.4 13.4 13.4 1.00 2.7 -1 2.4 -1 3.1 -1 1.27 -1 16.1 -1 15.8 -1 16.5 -1 1.04 -1<br />
13.2 ** 13.4 ** 12.9 ** 0.97 ** ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...<br />
... ... ... ... . -2 . -2 . -2 . -2 ... ... ... ...<br />
... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...<br />
. . . . ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...<br />
14.5 -1 14.4 -1 14.6 -1 1.02 -1 3.8 -1 2.6 -1 5.0 -1 1.88 -1 18.3 -1 17.1 -1 19.6 -1 1.15 -1<br />
14.6 14.5 14.7 1.02 2.9 -1 2.7 -1 3.2 -1 1.22 -1 18.3 -1 18.0 -1 18.6 -1 1.03 -1<br />
12.3 -1 12.2 -1 12.4 -1 1.01 -1 3.3 -1 2.9 -1 3.6 -1 1.27 -1 15.7 -1 15.3 -1 16.2 -1 1.06 -1<br />
13.1 13.2 13.0 0.99 3.1 -1 2.5 -1 3.6 -1 1.43 -1 16.2 -1 15.7 -1 16.7 -1 1.06 -1<br />
10.1 * 10.2 * 10.1 * 0.99 * 1.7 * 2.2 * 1.3 * 0.62 * 11.9 * 12.3 * 11.4 * 0.93 *<br />
12.8 -2 12.7 -2 13.0 -2 1.02 -2 0.5 -2 0.5 -2 0.5 -2 0.97 -2 13.5 -2 13.4 -2 13.5 -2 1.01 -2<br />
12.9 13.2 12.6 0.95 1.8 1.5 2.0 1.36 15.1 15.2 14.9 0.98<br />
... ... ... ... . . . . ... ... ... ...<br />
13.8 13.9 13.7 0.99 3.1 -1 2.9 -1 3.2 -1 1.11 -1 16.9 -1 16.8 -1 16.9 -1 1.00 -1<br />
13.7 13.7 13.6 0.99 3.6 2.8 4.4 1.60 17.5 16.8 18.2 1.08<br />
13.2 -1 13.2 -1 13.2 -1 1.00 -1 2.8 -1 2.5 -1 3.0 -1 1.21 -1 16.0 -1 15.8 -1 16.2 -1 1.03 -1<br />
12.5 ** 12.1 ** 12.9 ** 1.06 ** ... ... ... ... 12.5 ** 12.1 ** 12.9 ** 1.06 **<br />
13.5 13.5 13.6 1.00 3.1 -1 2.8 -1 3.5 -1 1.27 -1 16.4 -1 16.0 -1 16.9 -1 1.06 -1<br />
12.0 12.1 12.0 0.99 3.8 3.0 4.6 1.51 16.0 15.2 16.7 1.10<br />
12.9 13.0 12.8 0.98 2.6 2.6 2.6 0.99 15.7 15.8 15.5 0.99<br />
13.5 -1 13.4 -1 13.6 -1 1.01 -1 2.9 -1 2.5 -1 3.3 -1 1.35 -1 16.4 -1 15.9 -1 16.9 -1 1.06 -1<br />
11.9 11.8 11.9 1.00 4.8 4.0 5.6 1.40 16.8 15.9 17.6 1.11<br />
SOUTH AND WEST ASIA<br />
8.6 10.4 6.6 0.63 0.2 -1 0.3 -1 0.1 -1 0.24 -1 8.1 -1 10.1 -1 6.1 -1 0.60 -1<br />
... ... ... ... 0.5 -1 0.7 -1 0.4 -1 0.61 -1 ... ... ... ...<br />
11.9 +1 11.8 +1 12.1 +1 1.02 +1 0.4 +1 0.5 +1 0.4 +1 0.68 +1 12.4 +1 12.3 +1 12.4 +1 1.01 +1<br />
10.0 ** , -2 10.2 ** , -2 9.7 ** , -2 0.95 ** , -2 0.9 1.0 0.7 0.73 10.7 ** , -2 ... ... ...<br />
12.2 12.7 11.8 0.93 2.1 2.1 2.1 1.01 14.4 14.8 13.9 0.94<br />
... ... ... ... 0.6 -2 0.6 -2 0.7 -2 1.08 -2 ... ... ... ...<br />
... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...<br />
7.1 * 7.9 * 6.3 * 0.80 * 0.3 * , -2 0.3 * , -2 0.2 * , -2 0.83 * , -2 7.3 ** , -1 8.0 ** , -1 6.5 ** , -1 0.81 ** , -1<br />
... ... ... ... 0.8 0.5 1.0 1.92 ... ... ... ...<br />
SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA<br />
10.0 ** 11.2 ** 8.8 ** 0.78 ** 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.80 10.2 ** 11.5 ** 9.0 ** 0.78 **<br />
... ... ... ... 0.5 -1 0.8 -1 0.3 -1 0.38 -1 ... ... ... ...<br />
151
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