Global Education Digest 2012 - International Reading Association

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DEFINITIONS Educational institutions (public and private). Educational institutions are defined as entities that provide instructional or education-related services to individuals and other educational institutions. Whether or not an entity qualifies as an educational institution is not contingent upon which public authority (if any) has responsibility for it. These are classified as either public or private according to whether a public agency or private entity has the ultimate power to make decisions concerning the institution’s affairs. An institution is classified as public if it is controlled and managed directly by a public education authority or agency; or controlled and managed either by a government agency directly or by a governing body (council, committee, etc.), most of whose members are either appointed by a public authority or elected by public franchise. An institution is classified as private if it is controlled and managed by a non-governmental organization (e.g. a church, trade union or business enterprise), or if its governing board consists mostly of members not selected by a public agency. In general, the ultimate management control over an institution rests with who has the power to determine the general activity of the school and appoint the managing officers. The extent to which an institution receives its funding from public or private sources does not determine the classification status of the institution. A distinction is made between government-dependent and independent private institutions on the basis of the degree of a private institution’s dependence on funding from government sources. A government-dependent private institution receives at least 50% of its core funding from government agencies. An independent private institution receives less than 50% of its core funding from government agencies. Core funding refers to the funds that support the basic educational services of the institution. It does not include funds provided specifically for research projects, payments for services purchased or contracted by private organizations, or fees and subsidies received for ancillary services such as lodging and meals. Additionally, institutions should be classified as government-dependent if their teaching staff are paid by a government agency, either directly or indirectly. Enrolment. The number of pupils or students officially enrolled in a given grade or level of education, regardless of age. Entrance age (theoretical). The age at which pupils or students would enter a given programme or level of education assuming they start at the official entrance age for the lowest level of education, study full-time throughout, and progress through the system without repeating or skipping a grade. The theoretical entrance age to a given programme or level is typically, but not always, the most common entrance age. Expected gross intake ratio to the last grade of primary. Total number of new entrants to the first grade of primary education in a given year, regardless of age, who are expected to reach the last grade, regardless of repetition, expressed as a percentage of the population at the theoretical entrance age to primary education in the same year. It is calculated by multiplying the gross intake ratio to primary education by the probability of survival to the last grade. It estimates future gross intake to the last grade of primary education based on current new entrants to the first grade, assuming current grade transition and repetition rates remain unchanged. It therefore predicts the effect on last grade intake of current education policies on entrance to primary education and future years of schooling. 64
OPPORTUNITIES LOST: THE IMPACT OF GRADE REPETITION AND EARLY SCHOOL LEAVING Expenditure on education Total public expenditure on education. The sum of all expenditure on education and education administration made by local, regional and national/central governments, including municipalities. Intergovernmental transfers are excluded. Current expenditure on education. Expenditure for goods and services consumed within the current year and which would be renewed if needed in the following year. It includes expenditure on staff salaries, pensions and benefits; contracted or purchased services; other resources, including books and teaching materials; welfare services; and other current expenditure, such as subsidies for students and households, minor equipment, minor repairs, fuel, telecommunications, travel, insurance and rent. Capital expenditure on education. Expenditure for assets that yield benefits for a period of more than one year. It includes expenditure for construction, renovation and major repairs of buildings and the purchase of heavy equipment or vehicles. Public subsidies. Public subsidies to households and other private entities consist of transfers to the private sector for educational institutions and transfers for student living costs and other education-related costs that occur outside educational institutions. Public subsidies to households and other private entities for educational institutions are composed of government transfers and certain other payments to students or households, insofar as these translate into payments to educational institutions for educational services (for example, fellowships, financial aid or student loans for tuition). They also include government transfers and other payments (mainly subsidies) to private entities other than households, including, for example, subsidies to firms or labour organizations that operate apprenticeship programmes and interest subsidies to private financial institutions that provide student loans, etc. Public subsidies to households that are not attributable to payments to educational institutions include subsidies for student living costs and the value of special subsidies provided to students, either in cash or in kind, such as free or reduced-price travel on public transport or family allowances that are contingent on student status. Fields of education (broad) Science and technology fields Science:.life sciences; physical sciences; mathematics and statistics; computer sciences. Engineering, manufacturing and construction:.engineering and engineering trades; manufacturing and processing; architecture and building. Other fields Agriculture:.agriculture, forestry and fishery; veterinary medicine. Education:.teacher training; education science. Health and welfare:.medicine; medical services; nursing; dental services; social care; social work. Humanities and arts:.religion and theology; foreign languages and cultures; native languages; interpretation and translation; linguistics; comparative literature; history; archaeology; philosophy; ethics. Fine arts; performing arts; graphic and audio-visual arts; design; craft skills. 65
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Global education diGest 2012 INSTIT
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GLOBAL EDUCATION DIGEST 2012 Opport
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FOREWORD Each year the UNESCO Insti
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CONTENTS Foreword 3 Acknowledgement
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OPPORTUNITIES LOST: THE IMPACT OF G
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SECTION 1 / Policy design and imple
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SECTION 1 / Policy design and imple
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Page 20 and 21: SECTION 2 / Learning achievement: D
Page 34 and 35: SECTION 3 EARLY SCHOOL LEAVING: LOS
Page 36 and 37: SECTION 3 / Early school leaving: L
Page 48 and 49: SECTION 4 / Monitoring education qu
Page 54 and 55: SECTION 5 THE COSTS OF SCHOOL FAILU
Page 56 and 57: SECTION 5 / The costs of school fai
Page 62 and 63: REFERENCES Belfield, Clive (2008).
Page 64 and 65: A N N E X A4 DEFINITIONS Adjusted n
Page 68 and 69: DEFINITIONS Social science, busines
Page 70 and 71: DEFINITIONS Net flow ratio of mobil
Page 72 and 73: DEFINITIONS Part-time students. Stu
Page 74 and 75: A N N E X B INTERNATIONAL STANDARD
Page 76 and 77: A N N E X C REGIONS ARAB STATES (20
Page 78 and 79: A N N E X D ELECTRONIC RESOURCES UI
Page 80 and 81: READER’S GUIDE ii) UOE survey UNE
Page 82 and 83: READER’S GUIDE Population issues:
Page 84 and 85: A N N E X F STATISTICAL TABLES The
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Global Education Digest 2012 - International Reading Association

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