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25th International Congress for Conservation Biology • Auckland, New Zealand • 5-9 December 2011 It is not numerous in the forest areas on the North and West of the country also. The birds are still rare and spatial in the breeding suitable biotopes during nowadays. Last time its breeding density in the most suitable sites is between 0.5 and 6 males/km of the rout (Knysh, 2001), though in 60-s of XX century it was 2.8-16 males/km in the same sites (Matviyenko, 2009). The main part of Ukrainian Ortolan Bunting population is concentrated in the Steppe and Southern part of the Forest-Steppe zones (South-Eastern part of Ukraine). In this area Ortolan Bunting is common and breeds in the field protective forest lands, steppe rare forests and orchards. Before the middle of XX century the species was common here, but later on probably due to changes in the natural tree stand and artificial plants it became too rare. Probably the global changes has made the impact on the ecology this species as well. It should be studied along the next years. 2011-12-07 10:58 Conservation Plan Implementation: Engaging People in Conservation Behaviors through Collaboration with Educators Dayer, AA, Cornell Lab of Ornithology; Ehrenberger, Kacie, Rocky Mountain Bird Observatory; Fergus, Rob*, Cornell Lab of Ornithology; Conservation planning processes consume conservation professionals; yet, surprisingly few plans are actually implemented. Conservation plans, written largely by biologists, identify threats and actions needed to meet species and habitat objectives. Because the actions typically aim to engage people in certain behaviors, effective education and communication efforts are essential to ensure conservation outcomes. Conservation educators intend to contribute to conservation but due to a disconnect with biologists and current biological information, often fall short of creating programs that adequately address priority issues, species and habitats. Linking education programming with prioritization and planning carried out by biologists benefits both groups, and more importantly, wildlife and habitat. We will introduce an initiative developed by the Bird Education Alliance for Conservation (BEAC) that aids educators in “unlocking” conservation plans and creating effective programs that can impact local conservation issues. Biologists and educators alike can use resources developed by BEAC to assist in guiding their effective collaboration towards conservation plan implementation. The effects of such an approach have been seen in the last two years with a tri-national (Canada, Mexico, and the United States of America) bird conservation plan that integrated educators in the conservation plan development, leading to successful implementation of the plan beginning with its release. 2011-12-08 18:30 HIV and Biodiversity in Sub-Saharan Africa: Identifying Target Zones for Public Health and Conservation Outreach Using MODIS, MAPA, and DHS Data de Moor, E*, University of California, Santa Barbara; HIV/AIDS alters resource use by changing household demographics and shifting livelihood strategies. Poor, HIV-stricken households struggle to earn an income and become more reliant on their immediate environment for firewood, hunted meat, edible plants, and ingredients for natural remedies. This issue is of particular importance in sub-Saharan Africa, home to 22.5 million people living with HIV. In developing regions where protected area boundary enforcement may be weak, the biodiversity of these areas can provide a ‘poverty buffer’ for such households by replacing lost income with local, time-flexible, and less work-intensive livelihood strategies. Biodiversity, however, may be adversely impacted by increasingly intensive local extraction. Using land-cover classification with MODIS satellite imagery, a literature review to identify ‘biodiversity hotspots’ in Africa, Demographic Health Survey (USAID) data, and MAPA Project protected area shape files, I produced a continental-scale map that highlights protected areas in sub- Saharan Africa that are located in regions of both high biodiversity and high local HIV-prevalence. Protected areas in South Africa, Kenya, Tanzania, Gabon and Cameroon are those most likely to be impacted by resource extraction from HIV-afflicted local communities living on their borders. 2011-12-08 10:45 Global change and species interactions: What will happen to the web of life? De Sassi, C*, University of Canterbury, New Zealand; Tylianakis, JM, University of Canterbury, New Zealand; Global environmental change (GEC) threatens biodiversity yet, its effects on of species interactions are largely unknown. Interaction networks have been shown to have emergent properties (e.g. resistance to perturbation) of critical importance and fragility that result from their overall architecture, properties that can only be identified by analyzing the structure of the community as a whole. The effects of any GEC driver on complex real-world food webs are largely unexplored. Moreover, the mounting evidence for complex, non additive interactions between GEC drivers such as warming and deposition of anthropogenically-fixed nitrogen, suggests that predictions of future ecosystem processes based solely on the effect of drivers in isolation may not reflect their synergistic effects in the real world. Our research combines field and controlled field experiments in subalpine grassland and its lepidopteran fauna, to test for the first time the effects of two global change drivers on food webs. Preliminary results indicate that both drivers produced a suite of direct and indirect effects at different trophic levels, triggering substantial changes in the network structure, such as reduced complexity and loss of parasitism. We are currently applying structural equation modelling techniques to unravel the underlying mechanisms. We believe that our results will offer advanced understanding about the forces governing the network structure and its response to disturbance, an understanding recognized of critical value for ecosystem functioning, stability and biodiversity conservation. 2011-12-07 12:15 Glitches in the matrix: To what extent does increased productivity in agricultural systems lead to ecosystem decay in adjacent natural habitats? Deakin, L*, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand; Tylianakis, JM, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand; Barker, GM, Landcare Research, Hamilton, New Zealand; Schipper, L, Waikato University, Hamilton, New Zealand; Didham, RK, University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia; To support the world’s ever-increasing human population, there has been a significant increase in the area devoted to agriculture over the past century, which has caused natural habitats to become increasingly fragmented. Habitat loss and fragmentation are identified as major threats to biological diversity, as reduction of habitat size dramatically increases opportunities for species loss and changes in ecosystem functions. Moreover, habitats with large perimeter/area ratios (e.g. forest fragments) have higher relative exposure to external influences from the surrounding land-use matrix. It is now recognized that nutrients and other resources added to one system in the agricultural matrix may also move or ‘spill-over’ into adjacent natural systems. Our study aims to test changes in a range of community- and ecosystem-level response variables under varying land-use intensity. In a landscape scale experiment in the Waikato region of New Zealand, comprising 25 sites of varying agricultural production and forest fragmentation, metrics of invertebrate and plant communities (biomass, richness, community composition) and ecosystem function (decomposition and herbivory) have been measured along an edge gradient transect, running from pasture into adjacent forest. Determining the relationship between land-use intensification and biodiversity loss is essential for agricultural development in the future. Furthermore, application of more robust underlying ecological principles to conservation management practices aimed at mitigating biodiversity loss will have far-reaching consequences for the development of sustainable agriculture. 2011-12-08 18:30 Biodiversity and climate change: lessons from a regional study deBlois, Sylvie*, McGill University; Conservation planning in a rapidly warming climate requires forecasting changes in the distribution of species at a scale relevant to management. I present the results of a regional study in eastern North America in which biologists paired with climate modelers, naturalists, and biodiversity managers to assess recent and future changes in the distribution of species. As a first step to conservation planning, species distribution models were constructed for trees and wetland plants to relate occurrence or abundance data to climatic and abiotic variables and project future (2050-2080) distributions. Since temperature is rapidly increasing at northern latitudes, we also used historical forest surveys (1970-2000) to detect changes in tree occurrence patterns at northern range limits. Current occurrence patterns of trees and, more surprisingly, of wetland plants were modeled with generally high accuracy. Since climate was a strong predictor of occurrences, most species showed range shifts in response to warming. Information on abundance patterns is crucial for conservation, yet tree abundance was 38
25th International Congress for Conservation Biology • Auckland, New Zealand • 5-9 December 2011 poorly predicted by climate variables for 61% of the 105 trees examined. Predictions of stable occurrence patterns in time often masked potential decrease in tree abundance. These results are now being used in other regional conservation studies on adaptation to climate change. The partnerships with governmental and non-governmental organizations insured rapid transfer of knowledge. 2011-12-07 17:45 Impact of urbanization on flower visitors assessed with a country-wide monitoring program based on citizen science. Deguines N*, Museum national d’Histoire naturelle; Fontaine C, Museum national d’Histoire naturelle; Julliard R, Museum national d’Histoire naturelle; Pollinators play a key role in ecosystems functioning. Decline in both honey bee and wild pollinators have recently been documented and habitat loss coupled with agricultural intensification have been highlighted as important drivers of this pollination crisis. The effect of urbanization is less documented, and it has been proposed that due to high availability of floral resources and low pesticide level, urban areas may act as refuges for pollinators. We tested this hypothesis using data from a new monitoring program based on citizen science, where observers sample plant-insect interactions following a standardized protocol. By the end of 2010, about 13000 interactions have been sampled in 2200 localities distributed all across France. Our results indicate first that the majority of flower visitors are negatively affected by urbanization. Second, sensitivity to urbanization differs among insect orders, with hymenopterans appearing more tolerant than dipterans and lepidopterans. Third, within insect orders, urbanization’s sensitivity seems to be related to the complexity of the insect life cycle, with for example, parasitic hymenopterans that appear to be more sensitive than non-parasitic ones. These results do not support the hypothesis that urban areas are refuges for pollinators. Citizen science seems an appropriate methodology to study pollinator’s communities and their responses to large-scale environmental characteristics. 2011-12-07 14:44 Conservation management frameworks: the what, where and how of managing biodiversity Deiner, K*, UC Davis; Forrester, T, UC Davis; Grof-Tisza, P, UC Davis; Santos, MJ, UC Davis; Souza, L, UC Davis; Wilkerson, ML, UC Davis; Zylberberg, M, UC Davis; Schwartz, MW, UC Davis Conservation decision-making tools are being developed to manage the scientific, social, and logistical complexity of large-scale conservation programs. We provide an overview of similarities and differences among eight structured decision-making frameworks. We highlight both the common components for structured decision-making and their important differences. We identify challenges not fully resolved by the development of decision-making frameworks and suggest how to move past difficult challenges. The eight frameworks reviewed differ in approach and process, but converge into similar practices and protocols. Most frameworks embrace three attributes: they define measurable goals to evaluate success and failure of actions, define stakeholder involvement, and develop a robust monitoring structure. In each case, most frameworks encouraged explicit goals for these three attributes. No consensus was reached across frameworks with respect to defining assumptions behind management actions or explicitly defining the adaptive management process. Finally, all frameworks are challenged by four common issues: time and resources, distinguishing cause and effect as a consequence of actions, closing the gap between intent and action, and the implementation of monitoring. This review suggests that conservation management is becoming more transparent, despite the varied challenges, and frameworks are giving substance to formalized conservation action plans. 2011-12-07 11:45 Temperate and Boreal Rainforests of the World: the Forgotten Rainforests DellaSala, D.A.*, Geos Institute; Temperate and boreal rainforests are restricted geographically to just ten regions of the world where they make up about 2.5 percent of the planet’s total forest cover. They occur primarily along coastlines and are biogeographically and climatically distinct from tropical rainforests, which are six times more numerous. Temperate and boreal rainforests represent some of the most carbon-dense ecosystems on the planet, contain the tallest and oldest trees on earth, have many unique and ancient species, and generally are highly productive due to the overlap of terrestrial, marine, and freshwater systems. Collectively, they store the equivalent of about six times humanity’s annual carbon dioxide emissions yet they are not part of global accords to limit emissions from forest degradation and deforestation (e.g., REDD). Only 14 percent have been protected in legally enforced reserves and many areas (e.g., Europe, coastal redwoods, Pacific Coastal USA) are highly fragmented. In recognition of the UN declaration on the International Year of Forests, protection of all the world’s rainforests should be greatly increased as part of sustainability efforts and for their biodiversity and ecosystem services, particularly long-term carbon storage and drinking water. 2011-12-07 14:30 Presidents Roundtable on International Year of Forests DellaSala, Dominick A.*, SCB North America Section; Dieterich, Martin, SCB Europe Section; Dovie Delali, Benjamin, SCB Africa Section; Majiluf, Patricia, SCB ANA Section; Nemtzov, Simon, SCB Asia Section; Watson, James, SCB Oceania Section; 2011 marks the International Year of Forests. In recognition, SCB’s Section Presidents have prepared a statement on the world’s forests along with 12 recommendations for sustainable management that will be presented in this public forum. In general, SCB urges the UN and its member nations to: (1) acknowledge that additional net loss of quality or quantity of forests cannot occur without severe long-term loss of ecosystem services; (2) enhance the conservation of critical forest ecosystems and the services; (3) ensure protection of old-growth and intact forests; (4) establish a representative and functionally connected network of conservation areas with responsible management in the surroundings; (5) provide adequate resources for all nations to monitor and enforce protection of existing reserves; (6) increase funding and participation in global deforestation and forest degradation reduction; (7) adopt science-based carbon accounting methods; (8) ban trade in illegally harvested forest products; (9) monitor changes in forest quality; (10) encourage independent science-based assessments of certification schemes; (11) include in the protection and use of forest resources the rights of indigenous peoples; and (12) empower an Inter- Governmental Science-Policy Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services to foster better use of the best available science and improved forest management. 2011-12-07 14:45 Forests in the Spotlight: International Year of Forests DellaSala, Dominick A.*, Geos Institute; Forests cover about a third of the earth’s terrestrial surface, support over 80 percent of its biodiversity, play a pivotal role in climate change mitigation, and provide countless other ecosystem benefits. In recognition of the need to sustainably manage forests and their services, the United Nations has declared 2011 “International Year of Forests.” In addition, the Food and Agricultural Organization of the United Nations released its global forest resources assessment that includes country-specific forest metrics. This and other assessments indicate that while deforestation has slowed in the past decade, it remains alarming high in South America and Africa. Over half of the world’s intact (no roads) forests are gone, and 40 million ha of primary forests were eliminated in the last decade. About 54 percent of the world’s forests are in production and multiple use management while just 13% are strictly protected. Even countries that showed increases in broad measures of forest cover (e.g., the United States) suffered losses to old growth and intact forests. I present twelve recommendations that form the basis of a forest proclamation approved by SCB’s regional sections, policy committee, and science and publications committee and was submitted to the UN and other forest policy entities. 2011-12-07 11:30 Effective conservation of an endangered newt species (Triturus cristatus): determinants from local to landscape scales Denoel, M*, University of Liege; Perez, A, University of Liege; Ficetola, GF, University of Milano; Despite numerous European and national action plans, the great crested newt continues to be one of the most declining amphibian species in Northern Europe (Habitat Annex II species). It is considered as a good 39
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Index Benini, Rubens 42 Beniston, M
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Index DeWan, Amielle 14 Dianne Brun
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Index Hilborn, Ray 27 Hill, CM 176
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Index Loutit, R. 116 Louwe Kooijman
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Index Ottewell, K 81 Overton, J 61,
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Index Sequeira, Ana 151 Serebryakov
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Index Winandy, L 181 Winner, J. 112
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