Distributed Renewable Energy Operating Impacts and Valuation Study

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Loss Analysis Results Summary Base Business as Usual Greenfield Total kWh Total kWh Diff Total kWh Diff 25,296,330 20,359,873 4,936,457 10,606,393 14,689,937 Total Losses 689,911 597,056 92,855 513,908 176,003 No Load Losses 191,170 192,706 1,536 195,024 3,855 Load Losses 498,741 404,350 94,391 318,884 179,857 Line Losses 455,817 368,796 87,021 291,022 164,794 Transformer losses 234,094 228,260 5,834 222,886 11,208 12kV losses 661,480 572,715 88,765 495,295 166,185 Secondary Losses 28,431 24,341 4,090 18,614 9,817 © 2008 Electric Power Research Institute, Inc. All rights reserved. 22 22
Loss Analysis Results Summary, cont. Base Business as Usual Greenfield Total kWh Total kWh Diff Total kWh Diff Total kWh 25,296,330 20,359,873 19.51% 10,606,393 58.07% Total Losses 2.73% 2.36% 0.37% 2.03% 0.70% No Load Losses 0.76% 0.76% 0.01% 0.77% 0.02% Load Losses 1.97% 1.60% 0.37% 1.26% 0.71% Line Losses 1.80% 1.46% 0.34% 1.15% 0.65% Transformer losses 0.93% 0.90% 0.02% 0.88% 0.04% 12kV losses 2.61% 2.26% 0.35% 1.96% 0.66% Secondary Losses 0.11% 0.10% 0.02% 0.07% 0.04% Note: Loss values on % of Total Base Case Dem<strong>and</strong> © 2008 Electric Power Research Institute, Inc. All rights reserved. 23 23
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PREPARED FOR: ARIZONA PUBLIC SERVIC
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CONTENTS List of Tables............
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Contents 5. Technical Value - Power
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Contents TABLES 1-1 RES Eligible Te
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Contents FIGURES 1-1 RES Compliance
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5-6 Typical Output, Single-Axis Tra
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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Abundant sunshine
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Executive Summary many uncertaintie
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Executive Summary In contrast to al
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Executive Summary Capital Reduction
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Executive Summary Annual Energy and
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Executive Summary commercial custom
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Executive Summary Creation of a suc
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SECTION 1 — STUDY BACKGROUND AND
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Study Background and Description 1.
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Study Background and Description in
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Study Background and Description Fi
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Study Background and Description SH
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Study Background and Description Ta
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Study Background and Description 1.
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Study Background and Description AP
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Study Background and Description cu
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Study Background and Description to
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Study Background and Description in
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Section 2 and commercial customers.
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Section 2 Figure 2-2: Photovoltaic
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Section 2 When weighted by capacity
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Section 2 PV Model Inputs Two basel
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Section 2 Figure 2-5: Phoenix Area
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Section 2 Figure 2-7: Typical Sprin
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Section 2 account shading at the ho
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Section 2 • Residential: • A so
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Section 2 • Thermosyphon systems
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Section 2 existing systems installe
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Section 2 Figure 2-12: Hourly SHW S
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Section 2 Figure 2-14: Active Dayli
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Section 2 Daylighting Costs Capital
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Section 2 • An interior diffusion
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Section 2 Key Findings of Commercia
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Section 2 2.5 Deployment Analysis 2
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Section 2 Table 2-11 Residential PV
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Section 2 Commercial PV PV systems
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Section 2 was conceived by Frank Ba
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Section 2 Kastovich. 36 The formula
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Section 2 Figure 2-20: PV Payback -
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Section 2 Figure 2-22: PV Payback -
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Section 2 Figure 2-24: Daylighting
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Section 2 • The forecast of the a
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Section 2 Results of Market Simulat
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SECTION 3 — TECHNICAL VALUE - DIS
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Technical Value - Distribution Syst
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Section 4 Both of these benefits ar
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Section 4 decrease both real and re
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Section 4 • A simplifying assumpt
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Section 4 Results The effects of as
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Section 4 may have excess schedulin
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Section 4 4.3.2 Local Reliability/R
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Section 4 Figure 4-3: $110 Million
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Section 4 Figure 4-4: Historical PV
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Section 4 Figure 4-6: Historical PV
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SECTION 5 — TECHNICAL VALUE - POW
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Technical Value - Power Supply Capa
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Section 6 Value is also viewed and
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Section 6 6.2.2 Approach to Identif
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Section 6 Table 6-1 Levelized Carry
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Section 6 6.4.2 Summary of Quantita
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Section 6 Table 6-4 Capital Cost Re
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Section 6 Table 6-6 Total Solar DE
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Section 6 savings for the High Pene
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Section 6 6.4.7 Fixed and Variable
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Section 6 current demand, but assum
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Section 6 legislation and regulatio
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Section 6 The expansion of “green
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Section 6 solar DE development over
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Section 6 • Provide financing - M
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Section 6 6.8 Conclusions The winni
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Appendix A solar incidence: solar t
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APPENDIX B — CALIFORNIA PV PROGRA
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CALIFORNIA PV PROGRAM Figure B-2. C
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CALIFORNIA PV PROGRAM largest avera
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CALIFORNIA PV PROGRAM The data show
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CALIFORNIA PV PROGRAM The following
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CALIFORNIA PV PROGRAM Figure B-6. H
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Appendix C The price of an SREC is
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Appendix C Figure C-3. Average Cost
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Appendix C Figure C-6. Average Cost
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Appendix C C.2.5 Government Facilit
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Appendix C Figure C-14. Average Cap
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Appendix C Figure C-16. Total Numbe
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APPENDIX D — CUSTOMER USE CHARACT
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Customer Use Characteristics by Sel
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APPENDIX E — MONTHLY LOAD PROFILE
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Monthly Load Profiles by Selected A
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Page 283 and 284: Monthly Load Profiles by Selected A
Page 289 and 290: APPENDIX F — PHOTOVOLTAIC SYSTEM
Page 291 and 292: Photovoltaic system modeling Figure
Page 293: Photovoltaic system modeling - One-
Page 296 and 297: Appendix G The SRCC provides estima
Page 298 and 299: Appendix H Equipment Qualifications
Page 300 and 301: Appendix I Table I-3 Residential Ch
Page 303: Appendix J APS Incentive Schedules
Page 306 and 307: DISTRIBUTED ENERGY ADMINISTRATION P
Page 308 and 309: DISTRIBUTED ENERGY ADMINISTRATION P
Page 311: Appendix K DSS Study - Distribution
Page 314 and 315: Overview • EPRI was contracted by
Page 316 and 317: Circuit Model © 2008 Electric Powe
Page 318 and 319: Modeling Assumptions • Distributi
Page 320 and 321: Procedures After Model Conversion
Page 322 and 323: Load Models • Individual customer
Page 324 and 325: Loss Impact Analysis © 2008 Electr
Page 326 and 327: Sample Residential Solar Curves 3.0
Page 328 and 329: Hourly Average Load and Solar Curve
Page 330 and 331: Base Case Results: No Solar 12000 T
Page 332 and 333: Case 1 Results: Business as Usual 1
Page 336 and 337: Reduction in 2007 Peak Load 2007 Pe
Page 338 and 339: Voltage Regulation © 2008 Electric
Page 340 and 341: ADEQ: Fixed Horizontal commercial P
Page 342 and 343: SOL_Desert: Fixed Latitude (residen
Page 344 and 345: Voltage Regulation Model • Same b
Page 346 and 347: Total PV Power Input Total PV Power
Page 348 and 349: Effect of PV Power on Phase Current
Page 350 and 351: Deviation between Voltage Profile 0
Page 352 and 353: Greenfield Results with Manually Ed
Page 354 and 355: Effect of Edited PV Profile on Tota
Page 356 and 357: Effect of Edited PV Profile on Volt
Page 359 and 360: APPENDIX L — MODEL RESULTS Figure
Page 361 and 362: Model Results Figure L-5. Residenti
Page 363 and 364: Model Results Figure L-9. Residenti
Page 365 and 366: Model Results Figure L-13. Resident
Page 367 and 368: Model Results Figure L-17. Resident
Page 369 and 370: Model Results Figure L-21. Commerci
Page 371 and 372: Model Results Figure L-25. Commerci
Page 373 and 374: Model Results Figure L-29. Large Co
Page 375 and 376: Model Results Figure L-33. Solar Ho
Page 383 and 384: Model Results Figure L-49. Cactus A
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Model Results Figure L-53. East Val
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Model Results Figure L-57. East Val
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Model Results Figure L-61. Galvin P
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Model Results Figure L-65. Javalina
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Model Results Figure L-69. Pioneer
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Model Results Figure L-73. Thompson
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Model Results Figure L-77. DE Impac
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Appendix M Figure M-2. Power Factor
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Appendix M Table M-1 Data Points fo
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Appendix M Figure M-6. Zoomed Plot
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Appendix M Figure M-10. Plot of Tra
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Appendix M • I harmonic number: 3
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Appendix M • File ending: Bad •
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Appendix M Table M-7 Limit Setups V
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Appendix N Evaluation of Economic V
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Appendix N N.3 Economic Value of Ca
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Distributed Renewable Energy Operat
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Calculation of APS Carrying Charges
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Calculation of APS Carrying Charges
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