Distributed Renewable Energy Operating Impacts and Valuation Study

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Section 1 Solar Hot Water Heating Systems Solar hot water (SHW) heating is a distributed solar application designed to reduce load from residential domestic hot water heating. It is applicable to residential customers only and incentives are offered to customers on a first year dollar per kilowatt hour ($/kWh) basis (the incentives are designed to be a one-time “up-front” payment). Table 1-3 shows the current schedule of rebate offerings. Table 1-3 Residential Solar Hot Water Rebates APS Rebates $/kWh 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 Residential SHW $0.750 $0.750 $0.675 $0.675 $0.574 $0.574 _____ Source: APS Note: The incentives are for first year energy savings only and are a one-time, “up-front” payment. As of the end of 2008, there were 1,076 SHW systems installed in the APS service territory. Of this total, more than one-third (376) were installed in 2008 (annualized basis), suggesting a rapid increase in adoption of these systems. Figure 1-6 presents the number of SHW installations by year. Figure 1-6: Number of SHW Installations by Year Number of Systems 400 350 300 250 200 150 100 50 0 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 Year _____ Source: APS Data Note: 2008 value is annualized based on 11½ months of data. 1-8 R. W. Beck, Inc. Arizona Public Service
Study Background and Description SHW deployment follows the same geographic deployment patterns as PV. As shown in Figure 1-7, North Phoenix, Sun City, and Scottsdale represent the majority of system deployments. Figure 1-7: Number of SHW Installations by Community 300 250 Number of Systems 200 150 100 50 0 Phoenix Sun City _____ Source: APS Data Scottsdale Glendale Prescott Sedona Cave Creek Peoria Paradise Valley Litchfield Park Chino Valley Clarkdale Waddell Dewey Flagstaff Solar Daylighting Systems Solar daylighting employs active control of lighting systems, replacing electric illumination with architecturally directed sunlight. These systems have strict requirement for ensuring adequate brightness (lumen) illumination and require the active discontinuation of artificial lighting. Due to the roof structure requirement and active systems, this program is offered to commercial customers only. Solar daylighting incentives are offered to customers on a first year energy savings ($/kWh) basis (similar to the SHW systems, the daylighting incentives are designed to be a one-time “upfront” payment). Table 1-4 shows the current schedule of rebate offerings through 2013. Table 1-4 Commercial Daylighting Rebates APS Rebates $/kWh 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 Commercial Daylighting $0.200 $0.200 $0.180 $0.180 $0.150 $0.150 _____ Source: APS Note: The incentives are for first year energy savings only and are a one-time, “up-front” payment. Distributed Renewable Energy Operating Impacts & Valuation Study R. W. Beck, Inc. 1-9
Page 1: PREPARED FOR: ARIZONA PUBLIC SERVIC
Page 5 and 6: CONTENTS List of Tables............
Page 7 and 8: Contents 5. Technical Value - Power
Page 9 and 10: Contents TABLES 1-1 RES Eligible Te
Page 11 and 12: Contents FIGURES 1-1 RES Compliance
Page 13 and 14: 5-6 Typical Output, Single-Axis Tra
Page 15 and 16: EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Abundant sunshine
Page 17 and 18: Executive Summary many uncertaintie
Page 19 and 20: Executive Summary In contrast to al
Page 21 and 22: Executive Summary Capital Reduction
Page 23 and 24: Executive Summary Annual Energy and
Page 25 and 26: Executive Summary commercial custom
Page 27 and 28: Executive Summary Creation of a suc
Page 29 and 30: SECTION 1 — STUDY BACKGROUND AND
Page 31 and 32: Study Background and Description 1.
Page 33 and 34: Study Background and Description in
Page 35: Study Background and Description Fi
Page 39 and 40: Study Background and Description Ta
Page 41 and 42: Study Background and Description Fi
Page 43 and 44: Study Background and Description 1.
Page 45 and 46: Study Background and Description AP
Page 47 and 48: Study Background and Description cu
Page 49 and 50: Study Background and Description Fi
Page 51 and 52: Study Background and Description to
Page 53: Study Background and Description in
Page 56 and 57: Section 2 and commercial customers.
Page 58 and 59: Section 2 Figure 2-2: Photovoltaic
Page 60 and 61: Section 2 When weighted by capacity
Page 62 and 63: Section 2 PV Model Inputs Two basel
Page 64 and 65: Section 2 Figure 2-5: Phoenix Area
Page 66 and 67: Section 2 Figure 2-7: Typical Sprin
Page 68 and 69: Section 2 account shading at the ho
Page 70 and 71: Section 2 • Residential: • A so
Page 72 and 73: Section 2 • Thermosyphon systems
Page 74 and 75: Section 2 existing systems installe
Page 76 and 77: Section 2 Figure 2-12: Hourly SHW S
Page 78 and 79: Section 2 Figure 2-14: Active Dayli
Page 80 and 81: Section 2 Daylighting Costs Capital
Page 82 and 83: Section 2 • An interior diffusion
Page 84 and 85: Section 2 Key Findings of Commercia
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Section 2 2.5 Deployment Analysis 2
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Section 2 Table 2-11 Residential PV
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Section 2 Commercial PV PV systems
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Section 2 was conceived by Frank Ba
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Section 2 Kastovich. 36 The formula
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Section 2 Figure 2-20: PV Payback -
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Section 2 Figure 2-22: PV Payback -
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Section 2 Figure 2-24: Daylighting
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Section 2 • The forecast of the a
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Section 2 Results of Market Simulat
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SECTION 3 — TECHNICAL VALUE - DIS
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Technical Value - Distribution Syst
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Section 4 Both of these benefits ar
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Section 4 decrease both real and re
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Section 4 • A simplifying assumpt
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Section 4 Results The effects of as
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Section 4 may have excess schedulin
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Section 4 4.3.2 Local Reliability/R
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Section 4 Figure 4-3: $110 Million
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Section 4 Figure 4-4: Historical PV
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Section 4 Figure 4-6: Historical PV
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SECTION 5 — TECHNICAL VALUE - POW
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Technical Value - Power Supply Capa
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Section 6 Value is also viewed and
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Section 6 6.2.2 Approach to Identif
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Section 6 Table 6-1 Levelized Carry
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Section 6 6.4.2 Summary of Quantita
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Section 6 Table 6-4 Capital Cost Re
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Section 6 Table 6-6 Total Solar DE
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Section 6 savings for the High Pene
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Section 6 6.4.7 Fixed and Variable
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Section 6 current demand, but assum
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Section 6 legislation and regulatio
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Section 6 The expansion of “green
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Section 6 solar DE development over
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Section 6 • Provide financing - M
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Section 6 6.8 Conclusions The winni
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Appendix A solar incidence: solar t
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APPENDIX B — CALIFORNIA PV PROGRA
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CALIFORNIA PV PROGRAM Figure B-2. C
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CALIFORNIA PV PROGRAM largest avera
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CALIFORNIA PV PROGRAM The data show
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CALIFORNIA PV PROGRAM The following
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CALIFORNIA PV PROGRAM Figure B-6. H
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Appendix C The price of an SREC is
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Appendix C Figure C-3. Average Cost
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Appendix C Figure C-6. Average Cost
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Appendix C C.2.5 Government Facilit
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Appendix C Figure C-14. Average Cap
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Appendix C Figure C-16. Total Numbe
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APPENDIX D — CUSTOMER USE CHARACT
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Customer Use Characteristics by Sel
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APPENDIX E — MONTHLY LOAD PROFILE
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Monthly Load Profiles by Selected A
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APPENDIX F — PHOTOVOLTAIC SYSTEM
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Photovoltaic system modeling Figure
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Photovoltaic system modeling - One-
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Appendix G The SRCC provides estima
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Appendix H Equipment Qualifications
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Appendix I Table I-3 Residential Ch
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Appendix J APS Incentive Schedules
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DISTRIBUTED ENERGY ADMINISTRATION P
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DISTRIBUTED ENERGY ADMINISTRATION P
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Appendix K DSS Study - Distribution
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Overview • EPRI was contracted by
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Circuit Model © 2008 Electric Powe
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Modeling Assumptions • Distributi
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Procedures After Model Conversion
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Load Models • Individual customer
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Loss Impact Analysis © 2008 Electr
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Sample Residential Solar Curves 3.0
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Hourly Average Load and Solar Curve
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Base Case Results: No Solar 12000 T
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Case 1 Results: Business as Usual 1
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Loss Analysis Results Summary Base
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Reduction in 2007 Peak Load 2007 Pe
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Voltage Regulation © 2008 Electric
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ADEQ: Fixed Horizontal commercial P
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SOL_Desert: Fixed Latitude (residen
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Voltage Regulation Model • Same b
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Total PV Power Input Total PV Power
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Effect of PV Power on Phase Current
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Deviation between Voltage Profile 0
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Greenfield Results with Manually Ed
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Effect of Edited PV Profile on Tota
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Effect of Edited PV Profile on Volt
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APPENDIX L — MODEL RESULTS Figure
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Model Results Figure L-5. Residenti
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Model Results Figure L-9. Residenti
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Model Results Figure L-13. Resident
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Model Results Figure L-17. Resident
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Model Results Figure L-21. Commerci
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Model Results Figure L-25. Commerci
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Model Results Figure L-29. Large Co
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Model Results Figure L-33. Solar Ho
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Model Results Figure L-49. Cactus A
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Model Results Figure L-53. East Val
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Model Results Figure L-57. East Val
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Model Results Figure L-61. Galvin P
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Model Results Figure L-65. Javalina
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Model Results Figure L-69. Pioneer
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Model Results Figure L-73. Thompson
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Model Results Figure L-77. DE Impac
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Appendix M Figure M-2. Power Factor
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Appendix M Table M-1 Data Points fo
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Appendix M Figure M-6. Zoomed Plot
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Appendix M Figure M-10. Plot of Tra
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Appendix M • I harmonic number: 3
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Appendix M • File ending: Bad •
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Appendix M Table M-7 Limit Setups V
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Appendix N Evaluation of Economic V
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Appendix N N.3 Economic Value of Ca
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Distributed Renewable Energy Operat
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Calculation of APS Carrying Charges
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Calculation of APS Carrying Charges
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