Distributed Renewable Energy Operating Impacts and Valuation Study

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Copyright 2009 by R. W. Beck, Inc. All rights reserved. ______________________________________________________________________ This report has been prepared for the use of the client for the specific purposes identified in the report. The conclusions, observations and recommendations contained herein attributed to R. W. Beck, Inc. (R. W. Beck) constitute the opinions of R. W. Beck. To the extent that statements, information and opinions provided by the client or others have been used in the preparation of this report, R. W. Beck has relied upon the same to be accurate, and for which no assurances are intended and no representations or warranties are made. R. W. Beck makes no certification and gives no assurances except as explicitly set forth in this report.
CONTENTS List of Tables................................................................................................... vii List of Figures...................................................................................................ix Acknowledgments............................................................................................ xii Executive Summary........................................................................................ xiii 1. Study Background and Description ....................................................... 1-1 1.1 Introduction ................................................................................ 1-1 1.1.1 Background................................................................ 1-1 1.1.2 Objectives .................................................................. 1-1 1.1.3 Study Need and Philosophy....................................... 1-2 1.2 APS Solar Program..................................................................... 1-3 1.2.1 Arizona Renewable Energy Standards Program........ 1-3 1.2.2 APS Renewable Programs ......................................... 1-4 1.3 APS Customer Usage Characteristics ...................................... 1-10 1.4 Study Description ..................................................................... 1-12 1.4.1 Study Strategy.......................................................... 1-13 1.4.2 Study Team .............................................................. 1-13 1.4.3 Stakeholder Involvement ......................................... 1-15 1.4.4 APS-Specific Conditions ......................................... 1-16 1.4.5 Primary and Secondary Research/Analysis ............. 1-17 1.5 Study Approach........................................................................ 1-17 1.5.1 Solar Characterization Approach............................. 1-18 1.5.2 Value Assessment .................................................... 1-21 2. Solar Characterization ............................................................................ 2-1 2.1 Introduction ................................................................................ 2-1 2.2 PV Modeling .............................................................................. 2-2 2.2.1 Technology Description............................................. 2-2 2.2.2 Model Description ..................................................... 2-7 2.2.3 Modeling Results ..................................................... 2-10 2.3 SHW Modeling......................................................................... 2-16 2.3.1 Technology Description........................................... 2-16 2.3.2 Model Description ................................................... 2-20 2.3.3 Modeling Results ..................................................... 2-21 2.4 Daylighting............................................................................... 2-23 2.4.1 Technology Description........................................... 2-23 2.4.2 Model Descriptions.................................................. 2-26 2.4.3 Modeling Results ..................................................... 2-29 Distributed Renewable Energy Operating Impacts & Valuation Study 004137/02-01766-01000 iii
Page 1: PREPARED FOR: ARIZONA PUBLIC SERVIC
Page 7 and 8: Contents 5. Technical Value - Power
Page 9 and 10: Contents TABLES 1-1 RES Eligible Te
Page 11 and 12: Contents FIGURES 1-1 RES Compliance
Page 13 and 14: 5-6 Typical Output, Single-Axis Tra
Page 15 and 16: EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Abundant sunshine
Page 17 and 18: Executive Summary many uncertaintie
Page 19 and 20: Executive Summary In contrast to al
Page 21 and 22: Executive Summary Capital Reduction
Page 23 and 24: Executive Summary Annual Energy and
Page 25 and 26: Executive Summary commercial custom
Page 27 and 28: Executive Summary Creation of a suc
Page 29 and 30: SECTION 1 — STUDY BACKGROUND AND
Page 31 and 32: Study Background and Description 1.
Page 33 and 34: Study Background and Description in
Page 35 and 36: Study Background and Description Fi
Page 37 and 38: Study Background and Description SH
Page 39 and 40: Study Background and Description Ta
Page 43 and 44: Study Background and Description 1.
Page 45 and 46: Study Background and Description AP
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Study Background and Description in
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Section 2 and commercial customers.
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Section 2 Figure 2-2: Photovoltaic
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Section 2 When weighted by capacity
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Section 2 PV Model Inputs Two basel
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Section 2 Figure 2-5: Phoenix Area
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Section 2 Figure 2-7: Typical Sprin
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Section 2 account shading at the ho
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Section 2 • Residential: • A so
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Section 2 • Thermosyphon systems
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Section 2 existing systems installe
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Section 2 Figure 2-12: Hourly SHW S
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Section 2 Figure 2-14: Active Dayli
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Section 2 Daylighting Costs Capital
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Section 2 • An interior diffusion
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Section 2 Key Findings of Commercia
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Section 2 2.5 Deployment Analysis 2
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Section 2 Table 2-11 Residential PV
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Section 2 Commercial PV PV systems
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Section 2 was conceived by Frank Ba
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Section 2 Kastovich. 36 The formula
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Section 2 Figure 2-20: PV Payback -
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Section 2 Figure 2-22: PV Payback -
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Section 2 Figure 2-24: Daylighting
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Section 2 • The forecast of the a
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Section 2 Results of Market Simulat
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SECTION 3 — TECHNICAL VALUE - DIS
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Technical Value - Distribution Syst
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Section 4 Both of these benefits ar
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Section 4 decrease both real and re
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Section 4 • A simplifying assumpt
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Section 4 Results The effects of as
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Section 4 may have excess schedulin
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Section 4 4.3.2 Local Reliability/R
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Section 4 Figure 4-3: $110 Million
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Section 4 Figure 4-4: Historical PV
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Section 4 Figure 4-6: Historical PV
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SECTION 5 — TECHNICAL VALUE - POW
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Technical Value - Power Supply Capa
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Section 6 Value is also viewed and
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Section 6 6.2.2 Approach to Identif
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Section 6 Table 6-1 Levelized Carry
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Section 6 6.4.2 Summary of Quantita
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Section 6 Table 6-4 Capital Cost Re
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Section 6 Table 6-6 Total Solar DE
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Section 6 savings for the High Pene
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Section 6 6.4.7 Fixed and Variable
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Section 6 current demand, but assum
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Section 6 legislation and regulatio
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Section 6 The expansion of “green
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Section 6 solar DE development over
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Section 6 • Provide financing - M
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Section 6 6.8 Conclusions The winni
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Appendix A solar incidence: solar t
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APPENDIX B — CALIFORNIA PV PROGRA
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CALIFORNIA PV PROGRAM Figure B-2. C
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CALIFORNIA PV PROGRAM largest avera
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CALIFORNIA PV PROGRAM The data show
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CALIFORNIA PV PROGRAM The following
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CALIFORNIA PV PROGRAM Figure B-6. H
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Appendix C The price of an SREC is
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Appendix C Figure C-3. Average Cost
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Appendix C Figure C-6. Average Cost
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Appendix C C.2.5 Government Facilit
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Appendix C Figure C-14. Average Cap
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Appendix C Figure C-16. Total Numbe
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APPENDIX D — CUSTOMER USE CHARACT
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Customer Use Characteristics by Sel
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APPENDIX E — MONTHLY LOAD PROFILE
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Monthly Load Profiles by Selected A
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APPENDIX F — PHOTOVOLTAIC SYSTEM
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Photovoltaic system modeling Figure
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Photovoltaic system modeling - One-
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Appendix G The SRCC provides estima
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Appendix H Equipment Qualifications
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Appendix I Table I-3 Residential Ch
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Appendix J APS Incentive Schedules
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DISTRIBUTED ENERGY ADMINISTRATION P
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DISTRIBUTED ENERGY ADMINISTRATION P
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Appendix K DSS Study - Distribution
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Overview • EPRI was contracted by
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Circuit Model © 2008 Electric Powe
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Modeling Assumptions • Distributi
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Procedures After Model Conversion
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Load Models • Individual customer
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Loss Impact Analysis © 2008 Electr
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Sample Residential Solar Curves 3.0
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Hourly Average Load and Solar Curve
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Base Case Results: No Solar 12000 T
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Case 1 Results: Business as Usual 1
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Loss Analysis Results Summary Base
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Reduction in 2007 Peak Load 2007 Pe
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Voltage Regulation © 2008 Electric
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ADEQ: Fixed Horizontal commercial P
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SOL_Desert: Fixed Latitude (residen
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Voltage Regulation Model • Same b
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Total PV Power Input Total PV Power
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Effect of PV Power on Phase Current
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Deviation between Voltage Profile 0
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Greenfield Results with Manually Ed
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Effect of Edited PV Profile on Tota
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Effect of Edited PV Profile on Volt
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APPENDIX L — MODEL RESULTS Figure
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Model Results Figure L-5. Residenti
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Model Results Figure L-9. Residenti
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Model Results Figure L-13. Resident
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Model Results Figure L-17. Resident
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Model Results Figure L-21. Commerci
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Model Results Figure L-25. Commerci
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Model Results Figure L-29. Large Co
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Model Results Figure L-33. Solar Ho
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Model Results Figure L-49. Cactus A
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Model Results Figure L-53. East Val
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Model Results Figure L-57. East Val
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Model Results Figure L-61. Galvin P
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Model Results Figure L-65. Javalina
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Model Results Figure L-69. Pioneer
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Model Results Figure L-73. Thompson
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Model Results Figure L-77. DE Impac
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Appendix M Figure M-2. Power Factor
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Appendix M Table M-1 Data Points fo
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Appendix M Figure M-6. Zoomed Plot
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Appendix M Figure M-10. Plot of Tra
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Appendix M • I harmonic number: 3
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Appendix M • File ending: Bad •
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Appendix M Table M-7 Limit Setups V
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Appendix N Evaluation of Economic V
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Appendix N N.3 Economic Value of Ca
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Distributed Renewable Energy Operat
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Calculation of APS Carrying Charges
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Calculation of APS Carrying Charges
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