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The carrying capacity of mountainous tourist areas: the case of plastira’s lake manufacture). (d) In the last decades, important socio-economic transformations and developments have taken place that basically result from demographic development, the tendency to residence and employment, the reformations and changes of the rural sector, the increasing needs for the protection of the environment, the new possibilities that the area offers for alternative forms of tourism and recreation, but also from the more general developmental process (GTO, 2003). All the actions that were developed form a complete program of rural innovation that does not cover of course all the needs of the rural industry, but is a multi-sector intervention whose experience can support the local society and contribute substantially to new developmental prospects, that promote the area, improve the quality of life, create new knowledge and techniques, new products and services. CONCLUSION To conclude what has been discussed in the paper, it is clear that tourism is having an impact on the environment and changing the character and structures of the mountainous areas. Negative externalities on the environment also decrease the environmental quality. In other words, tourism planning is typically a short period policy but its aim must be a long period policy because tourism is a rapidly developing industry and is having negative impacts which threaten to destroy the historic and architectural heritage (Gunce, 2003). The mountainous tourism is a basic developmental factor for the less favoured areas of Greece. We can not argue its contribution to the economic development, despite any criticism it has faced because of its negative impact. The version of the sustainable mountainous tourism development should be placed theoretically between the maximum and the minimum of the carrying capacity of each area. In this article firstly we investigate the tourism carrying capacity of a mountainous area, which presented a big increase in the number of tourists in the last decade. The results showed that potential for development without any environmental problems still exist. Under a general regard, we appreciate that the mountainous tourism in Greece still has not attained such sizes, in order to decide between a scenario of intensive tourism or in a moderate one of alternative tourism. A scenario of mountainous sustainable development can offer enough choices for the tourism development and the carrying capacity of the area. We estimate that the scenario of a "mild tourism" is more suitable for the Plastira's Lake area. Despite the fact that the area has reached the limits of its capacity, efforts from central and local institutions to the sustainable development of area promoting soft forms of tourism development must be undertaken. This development must be harmonised with the principles of viable development. Moreover, must contain elements of "nature tourism" or "sustainable Tourism Today - Fall 2007 - Full Paper 121
122 Garyfallos Arabatzis, Serafeim Polyzos and Stavros Tsiantikoudis ecotourism", must be based on the respect of natural environment and sensitise or additionally educate the visitor in the conservation of natural resources and natural rules. The area possesses the necessary resources (natural and cultural) for a powerful, balanced and long-term tourism development. Undoubtedly, reinforcement of the sustainable development model and of the local aspect of tourism development is required along with modernization of the existing tourism product with additional services and products and modernization of the existing infrastructure and services. REFERENCES • Baud – Bovy, M. and Lawson, F. (1977) Tourism and Recreational Development. The Architectural Press, Ltd. London. • Bonnie, S. M. and Muzaffer, U. (1990) 'An Examination of the Relationship Between Carrying Capacity and the Tourism Lifecycle: Management and Policy Implications'. Journal of Environmental Management, 31, pp.327 – 333. • Borg, J. (1991) Tourism and Urban Development. Ph.D. Rotterdam. Erasmus University. • Brown, K., Kerry Turner, R., Hameed, H. and Bateman, I. (1997) 'Environmental Carrying Capacity and Tourism Development in the Maldives and Nepal'. Environmental Conservation, Vol. 24(4), pp.316 – 325. • Carey K (1989) 'Tourism Development in LDCs: Hotel Capacity Expansion with Reference to Barbados'. World Development, 17(1), pp.59 – 67. • Canestrelli E., Costa P. (1991) 'Tourist Carrying Capacity. A Fuzzy Approach'. Annals of Tourism Research, 18, pp.295 – 311. • Coccosis, H. (2000) 'Tourism development and Carrying Capacity in Islands'. In Tsartas P. (ed), Tourism Development: Multidisciplinary Approaches. Exantas. Athens., pp. 81 – 98 (in Greek). • Coccosis, H., Parpairis A. (1995) 'Carrying Capacity: catalyst of configuration of harmonious relations of tourism and environment'. Technical Quarterly, 5, pp.68 – 79. • Coccosis, H., Mexa, A. Collovini, A., Parpairis A. and Konstandoglou, M. (2001) Defining, Measuring and Evaluating Carrying Capacity in European Tourism Destinations. Department of Environmental Studies, Laboratory of Environmental Planning, University of the Aegean. Athens. • Davis D., Tisdell C. (1995) 'Recreational scuba – diving and carrying capacity in marine protected areas'. Ocean & Coastal Management, 26(1), pp.19 – 40. • Douglas A., Johnson R. (2004) 'The Travel Cost Method and the Economic value of Leisure Time'. International Journal of Tourism Research, 6, pp. 365 – 374. Tourism Today - Fall 2007 - Full Paper
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THE JOURNAL OF THE COLLEGE OF TOURI
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30 trip; the evolution of intrinsic
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34 by the competition withy other p
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36 rates! Some tour leaders (or tou
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38 professionals consider these pra
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40 Overall, language tourism can me
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42 • Pearce, P. L. (1995). From c
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44 Filio Lazana, Diana Draganescu,
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68 Jaume Garau-Taberner 4.2 Results
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Page 101 and 102: 100 Stanislav Ivanov Dynamic overbo
Page 103 and 104: 102 Stanislav Ivanov Tourism Today
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Page 111 and 112: 110 Garyfallos Arabatzis, Serafeim
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Page 127 and 128: 126 Yao-Yi Fu, Amanda K. Cecil, Suo
Page 151 and 152: 150 Ski - resort and regional devel
Page 165 and 166: 164 Olga Christopoulou, Garyfallos
Page 167 and 168: 166 Olga Christopoulou, Garyfallos
Page 169 and 170: 168 The european journal of tourism
Page 171 and 172: 170 Contributors Amanda K. Cecil De
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172 Contributors Jesús García Lab
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